“…Such findings indicate high external exposure of local populations (resident exposure) to HFRs and OPFRs through inhalation (Iqbal et al, 2017;Qin et al, 2019), ingestion (Anh et al, 2017;Huang et al, 2018), and dermal absorption (Wu et al, 2016a). Elevated internal exposure of local residents has also been demonstrated by reported concentrations of HFRs or OPFRs in human matrices like serum (Guo et al, 2018(Guo et al, , 2020Lv et al, 2015), hair (Liang et al, 2016;Qiao et al, 2019), milk (Li et al, 2017), and urine (Lu et al, 2017;Shi et al, 2019) in informal e-waste sites in South China (e.g., Qingyuan, Luqiao, and Wenling). Such evidence of elevated human exposure has raised concerns about potential adverse health effects on populations impacted by informal e-waste treatment (Akram et al, 2019;Asante et al, 2019;Awasthi et al, 2016Awasthi et al, , 2018Bakhiyi et al, 2018;Orisakwe et al, 2019;Shi et al, 2018).…”