Changes in the sex ratio are a good indicator of changes in MS incidence – No

Magyari, Melinda; Koch‐Henriksen, Nils

doi:10.1177/1352458519837926

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Diagnosis generally occurs between the ages of 20–50 with a female : male bias of 3 : 1 [ 3 ]. It is the leading cause in Western countries of lifelong disability in young adults through the loss of neurological functions [ 1 , 4 ], and the frequency has been rising in recent years [ 5 , 6 ]. It is characterized by severe axonal injury, loss of myelin sheath, and long-term degeneration of neurons mediated by a self-reactive immune response [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis

Sarkar,

Willson,

Jordan

2024

Journal of Immunology Research

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis

Sarkar,

Willson,

Jordan

2024

Journal of Immunology Research

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“…Conversely, Magyari and Koch-Henriksen 2 warn about methodological issue starting with the computation of sex ratio, which does not contemplate stratifying for sex-specific incidences. More recent studies on at-high-risk populations reveal sex ratio stability over time.…”

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confidence: 99%