Changes in the Price of Food and Agricultural Raw Materials in Poland in the Context of the European Union Accession

Abstract

Shaping of prices of agricultural raw materials results from the impact of a wide range of factors that influence prices in different links in the marketing chain. Political changes, especially sudden ones, which abruptly changed farming conditions, were one of the reasons for the asymmetry in price transmission. The main purpose of the paper was to estimate the trends in changes in agricultural raw materials prices in comparison to the trends in food prices in Poland in two time frames, differing in political and economic conditions: before (1999–2004) and after Poland’s accession (2005–2019) to the European Union. It was found that the accession to the EU improved the situation of farmers in agricultural markets. There was a reversal of downward price trends in agricultural raw materials and their stabilization. In the years 1995–2005, for most of the prices of agricultural raw materials and food under the analysis, the differences between the trends were not statistically significant. This situation was consistent with the model of market operating under perfect competition. The trends in the prices of wheat, rolls, and bread, as well as the prices of livestock for slaughter-pigs and roast beef were the only exceptions. In turn, in the years 2005–2019 statistically significant differences between the trends in the prices of agricultural raw materials and food were recorded for wheat, bread, and flour; milk, butter, and cottage cheese; eggs and egg retail prices; as well as livestock for slaughter, cattle, and sausages. No statistically significant differences were found for the remaining relationships of the analyzed prices of agricultural raw materials and food. These data indicate a different level of price transmission depending on the product group.

Food Price Bubbles: Food Price Indices of Turkey, the FAO, the OECD, and the IMF

“…Governments and global groups have responded to price bubbles in food expenditures using various measures, including subsidies and price controls [84]. One frequent coverage response is to supply food subsidies or money transfers to low-income households to assist them in buying meals throughout durations of high expenses (Kusz et al [85]). Additionally, some governments have applied price controls or import restrictions to stabilize food costs (Lerro et al [86]).…”

Selected Economic Determinants of Labor Profitability in Family Farms in Poland in Relation to Economic Size

“…Poland's accession to the EU improved the situation of farmers in agricultural markets. The downward trends in agricultural commodity prices were reversed, and they stabilized compared to the situation before the accession [84]. Additionally, the prices of food grew at a much faster pace than the prices of non-food products; moreover, in this period, consumer incomes grew much faster than inflation or food prices [118].…”

“…Technical progress allows farmers to reduce unit production costs, increase the scale of production, increase production potential, improve farming efficiency and use environmentally friendly technologies [13]. In this way, it is also possible to limit the unfavorable influence of the price spread between the prices of the final food product and its value as an agricultural raw material on the economic situation of farms [81][82][83][84].…”

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