Changes in the Morphology, Number, and Pathological Protein Levels of Plasma Exosomes May Help Diagnose Alzheimer’s Disease

Sun, Ruihua; Wang, Huayuan; Shi, Yingying; Sun, Zhaorui; Jiang, Hongzhi; Zhang, Jiewen

doi:10.3233/jad-190497

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Additionally, EVs cross the blood–tissue barriers, including blood–brain, and are stable in body fluids [ 48 , 49 ]. In different pathologies, EVs can change in number, size or biomarker (protein, RNA and lipid) content [ 50 , 51 ], so these features may be used for designing new diagnostic tests. The potential of EVs in diagnostics was suggested for cancers (prostate [ 52 ], glioblastoma [ 53 ], breast [ 47 ], lung [ 54 ], bladder cancer [ 55 ], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The signals secreted by the cells direct the cell behavior in many ways and morphogenesis involves such events as cell division, changes of cell shape, cell migration and controlled cell death via apoptosis, the programmed cell death. Collectively the cellular level process directs the spatial and temporal arrangement of the cells shaping embryonic development [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracellular Vesicles as Innovative Tool for Diagnosis, Regeneration and Protection against Neurological Damage

Anđjus

Kosanović

Milićević

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently attracted a great deal of interest as they may represent a new biosignaling paradigm. According to the mode of biogenesis, size and composition, two broad categories of EVs have been described, exosomes and microvesicles. EVs have been shown to carry cargoes of signaling proteins, RNA species, DNA and lipids. Once released, their content is selectively taken up by near or distant target cells, influencing their behavior. Exosomes are involved in cell–cell communication in a wide range of embryonic developmental processes and in fetal–maternal communication. In the present review, an outline of the role of EVs in neural development, regeneration and diseases is presented. EVs can act as regulators of normal homeostasis, but they can also promote either neuroinflammation/degeneration or tissue repair in pathological conditions, depending on their content. Since EV molecular cargo constitutes a representation of the origin cell status, EVs can be exploited in the diagnosis of several diseases. Due to their capability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), EVs not only have been suggested for the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders by means of minimally invasive procedures, i.e., “liquid biopsies”, but they are also considered attractive tools for targeted drug delivery across the BBB. From the therapeutic perspective, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising sources of EVs. In particular, the neuroprotective properties of MSCs derived from the dental pulp are here discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles as Innovative Tool for Diagnosis, Regeneration and Protection against Neurological Damage

Anđjus

Kosanović

Milićević

et al. 2020

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Concomitantly, smaller and fewer exosomes were observed in AD group. 82 Dynamic changes in abnormal protein levels during AD progress were explored by another study. Nam et al discovered total (t)-tau and p-tau levels in neuron-derived exosomes of serum are significantly higher in mild-AD group than mild cognitive impairment group.…”

Section: Admentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances on Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System Diseases

Jin¹,

Gu²,

Li³

et al. 2021

CIA

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released by multiple cells, encapsulated by lipid bilayers and containing a variety of biological materials, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites. With the advancement of separation and characterization methods, EV subtypes and their complex and diverse functions have been recognized. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, such as regulation of neuronal firing, synaptic plasticity, formation and maintenance of myelin sheath, propagation of neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and spread and removal of toxic protein aggregates. Activity-dependent alteration of constituents enables EVs to reflect the change of cell and tissue states, and the wide distribution of EVs in biological fluids endows them with potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain disease, and brain tumor. Favorable biocompatibility, ability of crossing the blood-brain barrier and protecting contents from degradation, give promising therapeutic effects of EVs, either collected from mesenchymal stem cells culture conditioned media, or designed as drug delivery vehicles loaded with specific agents. In this review, we summarized EVs' basic biological properties, and mainly focused on their applications in CNS diseases.

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“…[ 34,36,54,55 ] These protein cargoes include APP and its cleavage fragments [ 56 ] , as well as tau in aggregation‐competent and phosphorylated forms—most notably at threonine 181 (p‐T181‐tau), threonine 231 (p‐T231‐tau), and serine 396 (p‐S396‐tau). [ 57–61 ]…”

Section: Ev Biomarkers: Constituent Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarker Organization in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles: New Applications in Detecting Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020

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These tests, which assess different aspects of the patients' cognitive abilities, include abbreviated mental test (AMT), Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), mini mental state examination (MMSE), the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCa), and short blessed test (SBT). Such assessments, however, are subjective and detect diseases only at a late stage. [3-5] As pathological manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases are mainly confined within the brain and difficult to access, alternative methods for evaluating disease pathology involve either invasive biopsy or expensive brain imaging; these approaches are complex and challenging, resulting in limited clinical adoption. [6,7] Consequently, there is an intense interest in developing blood-based measurements [8-11] for safe, minimally invasive disease detection and longitudinal monitoring. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles found abundantly in almost all bodily fluids. [12,13] These vesicles have recently emerged as a promising circulating biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases. Unlike most of the other molecules in the brain, which are impeded by the highly selective blood-brain barrier and cannot enter the circulation, recent studies have found that EVs can readily cross the blood-brain barrier. [14-17] Moreover, EVs contain diverse molecular contents reflective of their parent cells and extracellular environment. [18-20] These EV molecular cargoes are present in different organizational forms-either as inherited constituents from the parent Neurodegenerative diseases are heterogeneous disorders characterized by a progressive loss of function and/or death of nerve cells, leading to severe cognitive and functional decline. Due to the complex pathology, early detection and intervention are critical to the development of successful treatments; however, current diagnostic approaches are limited to subjective, late-stage clinical findings. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as a promising circulating biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases. Actively released by diverse cells, EVs are nanoscale membrane vesicles. They abound in blood, readily cross the blood-brain barrier, and carry diverse molecular cargoes in different organizational states: these molecular cargoes are inherited from the parent cells or bound to the EV membrane through surface associations. Specifically, EVs have been found to be associated with several important pathogenic proteins of neurodegenerative diseases, and their involvement could alter disease progression. This article provides an overview of EVs as circulating biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases and introduces new technological advances to characterize the biophysical properties of EV-associated biomarkers for accurate, blood-based detection of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Changes in the Morphology, Number, and Pathological Protein Levels of Plasma Exosomes May Help Diagnose Alzheimer’s Disease

Cited by 31 publications

References 37 publications

Extracellular Vesicles as Innovative Tool for Diagnosis, Regeneration and Protection against Neurological Damage

Extracellular Vesicles as Innovative Tool for Diagnosis, Regeneration and Protection against Neurological Damage

Recent Advances on Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System Diseases

Biomarker Organization in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles: New Applications in Detecting Neurodegenerative Diseases

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