Changes in the MHC Class II+ Dendritic Cell Population of Ovine Skin In Response to Orf Virus Infection

Jenkinson, D. McEwan; Hutchison, G.; Onwuka, SK; Reid, H.W.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.1991.tb00103.x

Cited by 34 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Further, class 11 dendritic cells develop after orf virus infection in the exposed necrotizing dermis adjacent to infected hair follicles and under infected degenerating epidermis. These cells interact to form a barrier to invasion and provide the basis of highly integrated local dermal defence system ( Jenkinson et al, 1991). Rohde et al (2012) showed that ORFV down-regulates MHC I surface expression in infected cells by targeting the late vesicular export machinery and the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus, which possibly helps to escape cellular immune recognition.…”

Section: Advances In Animal and Veterinary Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Kumar¹,

Trivedi²,

Bhatt³

et al. 2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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| Contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD), also known as Orf or contagious ecthyma is an important viral disease of sheep and goats. It is mainly seen as a benign disease but malignant form has also been reported from few parts of the world. The rates of morbidity and mortality are higher, particularly in lambs and kids experiencing the disease for the first time. The causative agent of disease is Orf virus, type species of the genus Parapoxvirus belonging to family Poxviridae. The virus produces localized persistent proliferative skin lesions and affected hosts are infected repeatedly owing to its host immune evasive strategy. These viruses have been found uniformly labile to chloroform but resistant to ether and also exhibit antigenic variations among them. Clinically, the disease is enzootic and occurs in three forms viz. labial, genital / mammary and generalized forms. The incubation period in natural cases is 2-3 weeks. The disease outbreaks mostly occur between autumn and spring but its severity is more in autumn and winter than spring. The virus grows well in cell cultures of caprine, ovine and bovine origin. Confounding symptoms impose laboratory affirmation by serological assays or molecular techniques. The disease can be diagnosed by electron microscopy, serological tests and PCR/ quantitative real-time PCR. Virus specific antibody response to structural proteins of capripox and orf viruses in western-blot analysis readily differentiates these two infections. The antibody response to the 32 kDa and 26 kDa proteins of capripox viruses provides a firm basis for differentiation. Although, the role of humoral immunity is well established but probably cell mediated immunity plays a major role in recovery from natural infections. A number of inactivated and live or live modified vaccines have been tried with variable success. The duration of immunity after vaccination is controversial; outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated animals. The disease is also of public health significance as it causes infection in human beings. Keywords

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Section: Advances In Animal and Veterinary Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Kumar¹,

Trivedi²,

Bhatt³

et al. 2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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“…ϩ T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and a dense network of dermal dendritic cells (32,33,38). Immune system evasion by orf virus is implicated because the virus can repeatedly infect previously exposed lambs in spite of an apparently normal host antivirus immune and inflammatory response (21-24, 64, 65).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Orf Virus Encodes a Novel Secreted Protein Inhibitor of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Interleukin-2

Deane

McInnes

Percival

et al. 2000

J Virol

122

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The parapoxvirus orf virus encodes a novel soluble protein inhibitor of ovine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). The GM-CSF- and IL-2-inhibitory factor (GIF) gene was expressed as an intermediate-late viral gene in orf virus-infected cells. GIF formed homodimers and tetramers in solution, and it bound ovine GM-CSF with a Kd of 369 pM and ovine IL-2 with a Kd of 1.04 nM. GIF did not bind human GM-CSF or IL-2 in spite of the fact that orf virus is a human pathogen. GIF was detected in afferent lymph plasma draining the skin site of orf virus reinfection and was associated with reduced levels of lymph GM-CSF. GIF expression by orf virus indicates that GM-CSF and IL-2 are important in host antiviral immunity.

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“…Intensive cellular changes at the site of infection also parallel the clinical picture and the clearance of the virus in natural infections with PPVO (12)(13)(14)(15). In sheep, the early response is characterized by an influx of neutrophils followed after several days by the accumulation of CD4 ϩ T cells, CD8 ϩ T cells, and B cells adjacent to and underlying PPVO-infected epidermal cells (12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In sheep, the early response is characterized by an influx of neutrophils followed after several days by the accumulation of CD4 ϩ T cells, CD8 ϩ T cells, and B cells adjacent to and underlying PPVO-infected epidermal cells (12)(13)(14)(15). An increase of IL-1, IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) levels followed by rapid decline has been described in natural PPVO infections at very early time points (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of GM-CSF to enhance the concentration of APC in vivo has been described recently (17), and it is very likely that the increased number of granulocytes might be the source of GM-CSF for the recruitment of new APC that restore the initial loss. Indeed, accumulation of dendritic cells at the site of viral entry has been described in natural infections (12). Neutrophilic granulocytes play an important role in the inflammatory response which may result in tissue damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selective Induction of Apoptosis in Antigen-Presenting Cells in Mice by Parapoxvirus ovis

Kruse

Weber

2001

J Virol

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Viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to avoid host immune reactions. Here we report a mechanism by which Parapoxvirus ovis (PPVO) interferes with antigen presentation. PPVO (orf virus) causes orf, an acute skin disease of sheep and goats worldwide. Importantly, PPVO can repeatedly infect its host in spite of a vigorous inflammatory and host immune response to the infection. We demonstrate in a mouse system that PPVO induces apoptosis in a significant number of antigen-presenting cells after intraperitoneal injection using the CD95 pathway, thus preventing a primary T-cell response. We also show that PPVO induces a compensatory activation of the immune system. Our results may help to explain the phenomenon that natural PPVO infections in sheep occur repeatedly even after short intervals. They also suggest that the combination of immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory mechanisms is an effective survival strategy that might be used in other viruses as well.

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Changes in the MHC Class II+ Dendritic Cell Population of Ovine Skin In Response to Orf Virus Infection

Cited by 34 publications

References 24 publications

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Orf Virus Encodes a Novel Secreted Protein Inhibitor of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Interleukin-2

Selective Induction of Apoptosis in Antigen-Presenting Cells in Mice by Parapoxvirus ovis

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