Changes in the level of relationship between invertebrates and society of pre-service primary school teachers, after an educational intervention

The Interdependences between Sustainability and Their Lifestyle That Pre-Service Teachers Establish When Addressing Socio-Ecological Problems

“…Nonetheless, the importance given to these systems was the component for which their responses experienced the greatest progression along the intervention. The results show the strong effect that discussing local/regional issues had, and it seems that offering opportunities to explore ecosystem services in nearby contexts could encourage students to develop a more systemic view of the interdependencies between nature and people [43]. In this sense, for future work, it should be worthwhile to plan an investigation that allows the assessment of this effect in other contexts.…”

“…In the building of relationships between sustainability and daily activities, cultural, regulatory and supporting services, linked to the socio-economic and cultural framework, seem especially interesting, since they are distanced from the idea of nature as a resource [43]. For [44], the recognition of these services reduces the risk of producing excessively utilitarian reasoning; in this sense, Kellert [45] highlighted the unsustainability of a socio-economic development model alien to the ecological system in which it is integrated.…”

“…These ideas may be irrelevant or non-normative, when they include invalid explanations about pressures; partial ideas, when they identify pressures, but their explanations are poorly elaborated; or accurate ideas, when they specify the pressures, and even link several valid explanations [39]. ii) 'Importance': In this component, their answers were assessed based on the kind of relationships established between ecological and socio-economic aspects, according to [43]. These connections could be not-apparent, when they relate the ecosystem services only to natural aspects; linear connections, when they recognise provision services; or non-linear connections, when they accept that some socio-economic activities depend on ecosystem services.…”

Landscape Changes and Their Socio-Economic Driving Factors in Coastal Zone

“…The loading matrix data (Table 4) were input into the Data Editor window of SPSS software, and the eigenvector was calculated using data conversion. The expression of two principal components was obtained using the eigenvector and standardized data to determine the changes to the impact of these drivers on the Ningde coastal zone landscape over time (Equations 14 and 15): (15) The covariance matrix of the principal component scores was obtained using PCA (Table 6). This was a unit matrix, indicating that the extracted principal components F 1 had no relationship with F 2 ; therefore, the integrated model, F, was achieved (Equation 16).…”

“…In this context, there is a critical need for research on the changes in coastal landscape patterns and the underpinning driving mechanisms. This research contributes to the sustainable development of coastal zones and the alleviation of pressure on natural ecosystems as a result of the changes in coastal landscape patterns [15][16].…”