Changes in the Hydration of the Fat-Free Body During Maturation

Boileau, R. A.; Lohman, T. G.; Slaughter, M. H.; Hendrix, M. K.; Going, S. B.; Ball, Thomas S.

doi:10.1249/00005768-198315020-00433

Cited by 41 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…scores despite the skewed distribution of obesity in the normal population. Secondly, a problem in estimating percentage body fat from skinfold measurements in children arises from the agedependent density of the fat-free body mass (FFM), 24 which partially invalidates prediction equations derived from hydrodensitometry assuming a constant FFM density. A possible solution to this problem has been proposed by Slaughter et al 18 who developed a set of gender-and age-speci®c PFM prediction equations accounting for the variability of FFM density in childhood by application of a multicomponent model Figure 4 Gender-speci®c patterns of trunk-to-extremity skinfold ratio during childhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index and percentage fat mass in healthy German schoolchildren and adolescents

et al. 1998

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OBJECTIVE: To provide reference data for obesity indices in Mid-European schoolchildren and adolescents, to evaluate the usefulness of body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of obesity in children, and to analyse the patterns of fat accumulation during childhood. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study in 2554 healthy schoolchildren and adolescents (age, 6±19 y) living in Heidelberg, Germany in 1989a1990. Centile charts for BMI and skinfold-derived percentage body fat mass (PFM) were constructed using Cole's LMS method for normalised growth standards. RESULTS: The BMI centile values of German children ranged higher than French, lower than North American and Italian, and similar to Swedish and British children. While BMI steadily increased with age, PFM was markedly lower in peripubertal than in pre-and postpubertal boys. BMI predicted PFM with reasonable precision in girls (r 0.84), and in obese boys (r 0.58), but not in the leaner two thirds of the male population (r 0.01, NS). The 75th BMI percentile was the most appropriate cutoff value to screen for the 15% most obese patients by PFM (sensitivity: 82%, speci®city: 85%). The pattern of the trunk-to-extremity skinfold ratio across childhood suggested that the typical adult distribution of central and peripheral fat is achieved in mid puberty in girls, but not before the end of adolescence in boys. CONCLUSIONS: The major differences observed between BMI charts obtained in different countries underline the need for population-speci®c reference data. BMI is of limited usefulness in predicting relative fat mass in individual children. The developmental pattern of fat accumulation and distribution during adolescence is highly dynamic and gender-speci®c.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index and percentage fat mass in healthy German schoolchildren and adolescents

et al. 1998

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“…Numerous studies have reported changes in body composition during growth from the prepubertal, pubertal, to postpubertal periods, 1,8,24 but these studies were based predominantly upon cross-sectional data. Only a few studies have used serial data to analyze changes in body composition, but these previous serial studies had small sample sizes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major changes in the components of FFM from the prepubertal to young adulthood are due to altera- tions in the water and bone mineral content of the FFM 8,24 leading to increases in the density of FFM with growth and maturation. 18 There are also gender, race and maturational differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age- and maturity-related changes in body composition during adolescence into adulthood: The Fels Longitudinal Study

1997

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OBJECTIVES: To examine patterns of change in total body fat (TBF), percent body fat (%BF), and fat-free mass (FFM), from 8±20 y of age and the effect of rate of skeletal maturation. To determine the degree of tracking of body composition for individuals from childhood into adulthood. RESEARCH DESIGN: Annual serial data for TBF, %BF and FFM from underwater weighing using a multicomponent body composition model were collected from 130 Caucasian males and 114 Caucasian females between 1976 and 1996. Rate of maturation was de®ned as FELS skeletal age (SA) less chronological age (CA). Random effects models were used to evaluate general patterns of change and tracking of individual serial data over the 12 y age range. RESULTS: Changes in TBF followed a quadratic model for males and for females with declining rates of change. Changes for %BF followed a cubic model for males and females. General patterns of change for FFM followed a cubic model for males and a quadratic model for females. TBF for males and females increased with age, but the rates of change declined with age. %BF for females increased from age 8±20 y. For males, %BF increased with age, but the positive rates of change declined and became a negative when aged about 13 y and reached a minimum at about the age of 15 y. The rate of change for %BF increased thereafter. FFM for males and females increased with age, but the rates of change decreased with age. The extent of tracking is inversely related to the length of the time interval. At the same age, rapidly-maturing children have signi®cantly larger amounts of TBF, %BF and FFM than slowmaturing children. Tracking in body composition for individuals persisted from childhood to adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: (1) There are gender-associated differences in these patterns of change for %BF and FFM but not for TBF; (2) TBF, %BF and FFM increased with increased rates of maturation; (3) signi®cant tracking in body composition for individuals persists from childhood to adulthood.

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“…Hydration factors of FFM were based on gender and maturation speci®c values. 19 Maturation was assessed according to Tanner's puberty ratings. 20 Fat mass (FM) was calculated by subtracting FFM of the subjects total body weight.…”

Section: General Outline Of Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity related energy expenditure in children and adolescents with Prader–Willi syndrome

et al. 2000

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OBJECTIVE: To measure activity related energy expenditure in Prader ± Willi syndrome (PWS) corrected for body size. SUBJECTS: 17 PWS subjects (10 females, seven males, age 7.5 ± 19.8 y) and 17 obese controls, matched for gender and bone age. MEAUREMENTS: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by ventilated hood and average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) was measured with doubly labelled water. Activity induced energy expenditure (AEE) was calculated as 0.9ADMR 7 BMR. Activity related energy expenditure was corrected for body size using the following measures: AEE per kg body weight (AEEakg), ADMRaBMR (PAL), and the residual of the regression of ADMR on BMR (rADMR). Group differences were analyzed by analysis of covariance adjusting for bone age, fat mass (FM) and gender. RESULTS: ADMR, AEE and PAL were lower (P`0.01) in the PWS group compared with the control group (7.14 AE 1.72, 1.07 AE 0.69 and 1.33 AE 0.15 MJaday compared with 9.94 AE 2.64, 2.56 AE 1.03 and 1.55 AE 0.12 MJaday respectively). The variance of AEEakg and PAL was signi®cantly explained by gender and PWS, while AEE was additionally explained by FM. The variance of rADMR was explained by PWS and not by FM or gender. CONCLUSION: Activity related energy expenditure is decreased in PWS compared with controls adjusted for bone age, FM and gender. International Journal of Obesity (2000) 24, 429±434Keywords: Prader ± Willi syndrome; obesity; child; doubly labelled water; physical activity; energy; metabolism IntroductionPrader ± Willi syndrome (PWS) is known as the most common human genetic disorder linked to obesity. 1 This complex, multisystem disorder is characterized by perinatal and neonatal hypotonia, followed by a childhood obese phase. 2,3 The obesity is likely to be caused by a combination of a low energy expenditure and a high energy intake. 4,5 Eating problems, characterized by hyperphagia, and often combined with food stealing are well reported problems in PWS, 6,4 however, the actual energy intake is dif®cult to measure with current methods. The doubly labelled water technique offers a valid method to measure the individual's average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) 7 which consists of basal metabolic rate (BMR), activity induced energy expenditure (AEE) and diet induced thermogenesis. 8,9 In a previous report we have demonstrated that the low energy expenditure in rest as well as during sleep could be explained by a relative low fat-free mass (FFM) as one of the major components of the pathophysiological background of PWS. 10 Schoeller et al 5 demonstrated that the average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) in PWS patients as well as the level of physical activity were signi®cantly lower compared with obese controls. Other investigators 11 were unable to con®rm the decreased ADMR in patients with this syndrome. One of the problems of comparing physical activity between subjects with large differences in body weight is the correction for body size. The relatively low fat-free mass, resulting in a high adiposity level in PWS, is an extra complication to th...

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Changes in the Hydration of the Fat-Free Body During Maturation

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Body mass index and percentage fat mass in healthy German schoolchildren and adolescents

Body mass index and percentage fat mass in healthy German schoolchildren and adolescents

Age- and maturity-related changes in body composition during adolescence into adulthood: The Fels Longitudinal Study

Activity related energy expenditure in children and adolescents with Prader–Willi syndrome

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