Changes in the Fecal Microbiota Associated with a Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Administration in Hospitalized Neonatal Foals with Probiotics Supplementation

Freccero, Francesca; Lanci, Aliai; Mariella, Jole; Viciani, Elisa; Quercia, Sara; Castagnetti, Andréa; Castagnetti, Carolina

doi:10.3390/ani11082283

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…TMS administration was associated with significant decreases in richness but not diversity, indicating that this antibiotic mainly affects the less abundant bacteria. Several studies have investigated the impact of antimicrobials on the equine fecal microbiota [8,9,11,[27][28][29], but such discussion is beyond the scope of this report.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-Level Gut Microbiota Analysis after Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis in Horses

Pietro

Arroyo

Leclère

et al. 2021

Animals

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All current studies have used Illumina short-read sequencing to characterize the equine intestinal microbiota. Long-read sequencing can classify bacteria at the species level. The objectives of this study were to characterize the gut microbiota of horses at the species level before and after trimethoprim sulfadiazine (TMS) administration and to compare results with Illumina sequencing. Nine horses received TMS (30 mg/kg) orally for 5 days twice a day to induce dysbiosis. Illumina sequencing of the V4 region or full-length PacBio sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed in fecal samples collected before and after antibiotic administration. The relative abundance and alpha diversity were compared between the two technologies. PacBio failed to classify the equine intestinal microbiota at the species level but confirmed Bacteroidetes as the most abundant bacteria in the feces of the studied horses, followed by Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres. An unknown species of the Bacteroidales order was highly abundant (13%) and deserves further investigation. In conclusion, PacBio was not suitable to classify the equine microbiota species but detected greater richness and less unclassified bacteria. Further efforts in improving current databanks to be used in equine studies are necessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-Level Gut Microbiota Analysis after Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis in Horses

Pietro

Arroyo

Leclère

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Our study did not observe a significant effect of diet (roughage and/or concentrates) on microbiota composition. This contrasts with previous studies in which dietary effects on the intestinal microbiota have been demonstrated [51][52][53] . However, in these studies, larger contrasts in diet between studied groups were tested (e.g., no concentrate feeding vs. high level of concentrate feeding).…”

Section: Dietcontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…We demonstrated an effect of farm/location on microbiota composition in our study. A previously published study showed relatively low variation in microbiota composition between horses housed in the same environment, indicating interaction patterns across horses housed in the same environment 51 . The effects of location on microbiota composition have been reported previously in domesticated and (semi-) feral horses 19,34,39,56,57 .…”

Section: Locationmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…All the ARGs in a certain environment, of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, are called the resistome 50 . Use of antimicrobials places selection pressure on bacteria, including those in the intestines, which can lead to increases in relative abundance of ARGs and a higher gut resistance potential 51 . The presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the intestinal microbiota doesn't necessarily have a negative impact on the host's health.…”

Section: The Intestinal Microbiome and Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Fighting antimicrobial resistance in foal sepsis

Theelen¹

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General introductionChapter 1 may lead to excessive inflammation and bacterial translocation into the bloodstream, resulting in sepsis. It has been suggested this is the most common route for development of sepsis in foals. While many foals admitted to equine hospitals show clinical signs consistent with 'suspected sepsis', definite diagnosis of sepsis is complicated. Blood cultures are considered the gold standard. However, up to 40% of blood cultures collected from foals with sepsis were found to be false negative in a study comparing blood culture results to samples collected at necropsy 18 . False negatives can result from samples collected after antimicrobial treatment has started or if low blood volumes are used 19 . Blood cultures can also be false positive, in case of sample contamination or potential transient bacteremia without clinical implications 20 . Therefore, it is important that blood culture results are interpreted in the light of presence of clinical signs suggestive of sepsis. A weighted sepsis scoring system is therefore often used as a diagnostic tool for sepsis in neonatal foals, but this has a relatively low sensitivity and specificity 21, 22 . Progression of sepsis is often rapid and sepsis can lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS), septic shock and ultimately the death of the foal within hours 15 . Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results are usually not available until at least 48 hours after submission of the sample. The rapid clinical deterioration in foals with sepsis is a challenge to the treating veterinarian and warrants immediate initiation of (antimicrobial) treatment, while awaiting culture and susceptibility testing results. TREATMENT OF SEPSIS IN FOALS: THE IMPORTANCE OF ANTIMICROBIALSThe most common form of sepsis in foals is bacterial sepsis 23 . Therefore, in attempt to control the infection, antimicrobials are the cornerstone of treatment in foals with sepsis. Other important aspects of treatment of sepsis in foals are anti-inflammatory treatment, cardiovascular support, respiratory support and nutritional support 15 . Because of the immature immune system and the large variation in bacteria that can cause sepsis in foals, initial antimicrobial treatment should be bactericidal and broad-spectrum. Drug selection is often based on historic data of causative organisms and their susceptibility patterns. Most studies until now have identified Escherichia coli as the most common causative organism isolated from foals with sepsis. Prevalence of other bacteria such as Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Actinobacillus spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Klebsiella spp. vary widely between studies conducted in different geographic locations and in different time periods. 8, 13,[23][24][25][26][27] . Temporal trends in prevalence of bacteria causing sepsis in foals have been identified 23 . A decrease in enteric gram-negative organisms, Salmonella spp. and Actinobacillus spp. isolated from blood...

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“…The most important factors in proper foal management and prevention of diarrhea are sufficient and timely intake of high-quality colostrum and maintenance of hygienic environmental conditions [ 3 , 4 ], but prophylactic and therapeutic pharmaceutical management also play a significant role [ 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: The Appeal Of Microbiota Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Foals—Naturopathic Diarrhea Management, or Unsubstantiated Folly?

2021

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Diarrhea in foals is a problem of significant clinical and economic consequence, and there are good reasons to believe microbiota manipulation can play an important role in its management. However, given the dynamic development of the foal microbiota and its importance in health and disease, any prophylactic or therapeutic efforts to alter its composition should be evidence based. The few clinical trials of probiotic preparations conducted in foals to date show underwhelming evidence of efficacy and a demonstrated potential to aggravate rather than mitigate diarrhea. Furthermore, recent studies have affirmed that variable but universally inadequate quality control of probiotics enables inadvertent administration of toxin-producing or otherwise pathogenic bacterial strains, as well as strains bearing transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes. Consequently, it seems advisable to approach probiotic therapy in particular with caution for the time being. While prebiotics show initial promise, an even greater scarcity of clinical trials makes it impossible to weigh the pros and cons of their use. Advancing technology will surely continue to enable more detailed and accurate mapping of the equine adult and juvenile microbiota and potentially elucidate the complexities of causation in dysbiosis and disease. In the meantime, fecal microbiota transplantation may be an attractive therapeutic shortcut, allowing practitioners to reconstruct a healthy microbiota even without fully understanding its constitution.

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Changes in the Fecal Microbiota Associated with a Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Administration in Hospitalized Neonatal Foals with Probiotics Supplementation

Cited by 3 publications

References 77 publications

Species-Level Gut Microbiota Analysis after Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis in Horses

Species-Level Gut Microbiota Analysis after Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis in Horses

Fighting antimicrobial resistance in foal sepsis

Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Foals—Naturopathic Diarrhea Management, or Unsubstantiated Folly?

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