Changes in the engineering properties of marble in fire-exposed columns

Koca, Mehmet Yalçın; Özden, Gürkan; Yavuz, Ali; Kıncal, Cem; Onargan, Turgay; Kucuk, Kerim

doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.09.007

Cited by 60 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Török (2003Török ( , 2008a investigated crusts on limestone and travertine buildings in Budapest, Hungary, using both the Schmidt Hammer and Duroscope rebound tests, and found signifi cant differences in hardness between the host rock and its weathering crusts. Koca et al (2006) used the Schmidt Hammer to investigate changes to the properties of marble caused by an intense building fi re and to map the pattern of damage. Equotip hardness measurements have been used to investigate the spatial and temporal patterning of cavernous weathering of sandstone masonry (Aoki and Matsukura, 2007b).…”

Section: Geomorphological and Heritage Science Applications Of Rock Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

Viles

Goudie

Grab

et al. 2011

Earth Surf Processes Landf

205

171

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Rapid, fi eld-based measurements of rock hardness are of use in investigating many geomorphological and heritage science problems. Several different methods are now available for taking such measurements, but little work has been done to assess their comparability and strengths and weaknesses. We review here the capabilities of two types of Schmidt Hammer (Classic N type and Silver Schmidt BL type) alongside two types of Equotip (standard type D and Piccolo) for investigating rock hardness in relation to rock weathering on various types of sandstone and limestone, as well as basalt and dolerite. Whilst the two Schmidt hammers and the two Equotips show comparable results when tested at 15 individual sites, interesting differences are found between the Equotip and Schmidt Hammer values which may reveal information about the nature of weathering on different surfaces. Operator variance is shown to be an issue in particular for the Equotip devices, which also exhibit higher variability in measurements and necessitate larger sample sizes. Carborundum pre-treatment also has varying effects on the data collected, depending on the nature of the surface studied. The Equotip devices are shown to be particularly useful on smaller blocks and in situations where edge effects may affect Schmidt Hammer readings. We conclude that whilst each device contributes to geomorphological research, they do not necessarily produce comparable information. Indeed, using Schmidt Hammer and Equotip in combination and looking at any differences in results may provide invaluable insights into the structure of the near-surface zones and the nature of weathering processes.

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Section: Geomorphological and Heritage Science Applications Of Rock Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

Viles

Goudie

Grab

et al. 2011

Earth Surf Processes Landf

205

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The Schmidt Hammer was originally designed to test the hardness of concrete structures with more or less well-known composition, processing technology, and defined testing conditions (Koca et al 2006). All these preconditions limit considerably the variability of properties of tested concretes, which greatly contrasts with the highly variable and often unknown properties of natural rocks for which the device has been subsequently used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of geomorphological research for recent and prehistoric avalanches and related hazards at Huascaran, Peru

2008

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Detailed research of superficial deposits below the northern peak of Huascaran (Cordillera Blanca) provides new information on the limits of a paleo-avalanche originating from this mountain. Geomorphological mapping of the sediments identified glacial deposits, deposits from historical rock-debris avalanches and huge boulders from a paleoavalanche. Schmidt Hammer rock-hardness tests were used to distinguish between the several generations of rock-debris avalanches, but largely failed to distinguish between the much older moraine and the paleo-avalanche sediments. Thus, only the field geomorphological mapping proved to be reliable for identifying the limits of the paleo-avalanche. The limits identified as granite boulders deposited over volcanic rocks were found to extend 30 m further up the opposite valley slope than previously had been mapped. This larger extent implies a greater volume and/or greater mobility for the prehistoric event.

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“…Schmidt hammer values in combination with ultrasonic velocity have been used for estimating the weathering rate and "physical state" of granites (Irfan and Dearman, 1978). Recent studies by Koca et al (2006) have shown the utility of zoning maps obtained by Schmidt hammer test rebound values for initial assessment of overall condition of fire-exposed structural elements. Two types of ultrasonic measurements were carried out: in situ measurements on the surface of the building's façades (indirect or surface method, Alvarez de Buergo and González, 1994), which avoids excessive sampling, and direct measurements on specimens in the laboratory (hereafter laboratory measurements in opposition to in situ ones).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of monzogranitic batholiths as a supply source for heritage construction in the northwest of Madrid

Fort

Buergo

Pérez-Monserrat

et al. 2010

Engineering Geology

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The Church of the Assumption of Our Lady, in Valdemorillo (Madrid, Spain) is almost entirely built with granitoids. The studies and analyses were focused on the oldest part of the building (Ghosts Corner), which will be restored and rehabilitated in the near future. Homogeneous monzogranite is the predominant granitoid used in the Ghosts Corner, followed by granitic porphyry, porphyrytic monzogranite, gneiss and leucogranite. The original quarries that supplied homogeneous monzogranites for the first construction stages correspond to blocks present in the monument's surroundings. Quarries that supplied the granitic porphyries correspond to the dykes located to east-southeast of Valdemorillo, which are oriented N-S in relation to their intrusion direction. The combined use of ultrasonic velocity and Schmidt hammer techniques allowed, first, selection of the most representative blocks and ashlars for sampling. This reduced sampling to a minimum, but yielded representative results for the whole building. Second, the combined values were used to compare results for the building stones of the church to rocks from the surrounding quarries. Stones from the building showed lower ultrasonic and Schmidt hammer values, and higher porosity and water saturation values compared to the original quarry rocks. The anisotropy indices are directly related to the decay processes in the stone: spalling of homogeneous monzogranite and grain disintegration in granitic porphyries. Finally, the methods applied are inexpensive, easy to use and non-destructive techniques, very advisable properties when working with built heritage.

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Changes in the engineering properties of marble in fire-exposed columns

Cited by 60 publications

References 11 publications

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

Implications of geomorphological research for recent and prehistoric avalanches and related hazards at Huascaran, Peru

Characterisation of monzogranitic batholiths as a supply source for heritage construction in the northwest of Madrid

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