Changes in the Diffuse CO2 Emission and Relation to Seismic Activity in and around El Hierro, Canary Islands

Padrón, Eleazar; Melián, Gladys V.; Marrero, Rayco; Nolasco, D.; Barrancos, José; Padilla, Germán D.; Hernández, Pedro A.; Pérez, Nemesio M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8738-9_7

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Over the past decade, seismicity has remained low, with an average seismicity rate of <10 earthquakes/year. In 2004, a minor increase in seismic activity was correlated with a simultaneous increment in CO 2 soil diffuse efflux [ Padrón et al ., ].…”

Section: El Hierro Island and The 2011–2012 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magma storage and migration associated with the 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption: Implications for crustal magmatic systems at oceanic island volcanoes

et al. 2013

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Starting in July 2011, anomalous seismicity was observed at El Hierro Island, a young oceanic island volcano. On 12 October 2011, the process led to the beginning of a submarine NW‐SE fissural eruption at ~15 km from the initial earthquake loci, indicative of significant lateral magma migration. Here we conduct a multifrequency, multisensor interferometric analysis of spaceborne radar images acquired using three different satellite systems (RADARSAT‐2, ENVISAT, and COSMO‐SkyMed (Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean Basin Observation)). The data fully captures both the pre‐eruptive and coeruptive phases. Elastic modeling of the ground deformation is employed to constrain the dynamics associated with the magmatic activity. This study represents the first geodetically constrained active magmatic plumbing system model for any of the Canary Islands volcanoes, and one of the few examples of submarine volcanic activity to date. Geodetic results reveal two spatially distinct shallow (crustal) magma reservoirs, a deeper central source (9.5 ± 4.0 km), and a shallower magma reservoir at the flank of the southern rift (4.5 ± 2.0 km). The deeper source was recharged, explaining the relatively long basaltic eruption, contributing to the observed island‐wide uplift processes, and validating proposed active magma underplating. The shallowest source may be an incipient reservoir that facilitates fractional crystallization as observed at other Canary Islands. Data from this eruption supports a relationship between the depth of the shallow crustal magmatic systems and the long‐term magma supply rate and oceanic lithospheric age. Such a relationship implies that a factor controlling the existence/depth of shallow (crustal) magmatic systems in oceanic island volcanoes is the lithosphere thermomechanical behavior.

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Section: El Hierro Island and The 2011–2012 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magma storage and migration associated with the 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption: Implications for crustal magmatic systems at oceanic island volcanoes

et al. 2013

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“…The goal of this approach is to study the acceleration of the growth of an observable by monitoring its inverse in order to forecast at the intersection with the zero Y axis the occurrence of the event. This approach has been applied successfully to forecast the time for the occurrence of seismic events in active volcanic regions such as the Canary Islands (Pérez and Hernández, 2007;Padrón et al, 2008). After selecting the precursory geochemical window in the case of the observed changes of radon activity at Cabreiroá's CO 2 rich-waters, FFM method was applied and the lineal regression analysis of the radon activity inverse shows that the potential time for the earthquake occurrence was May 14, 1997, at 00:00 hours.…”

Section: Searching Precursors Of the 1997 Galician Earthquakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extensive earthquake prediction studies have been mainly carried out in Russia, China, and Japan as well as in other active seismic regions in the USA, India Italy, etc. On the contrary, very few earthquake prediction studies had been performed in continental areas that are classified as stable regions for seismicity in spite of the potential damage of unexpected earthquakes because of poor building Tsunogai and Wakita, 1995;Igarashi and Wakita;1995;Koizumi et al, 1996;Wakita, 1996;Sugisaki et al, 1996;Roeloffs and Quilty, 1997;Toutain et al, 1997;Nishizawa et al, 1998;Ito et al, 1999;Toutain and Baubron, 1999;Martinelli, 2000;Chia et al, 2001;Virk et al, 2001;Salazar et al, 2002;Chadha et al, 2003;Claesson et al, 2004;Song et al, 2006;Pérez and Hernández, 2007;Padrón et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Searching and detecting earthquake geochemical precursors in CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters from Galicia, Spain

et al. 2008

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The northwestern region of the Iberian Peninsula was traditionally considered a seismically stable area. However, the 1995 and 1997 Galicia earthquakes of magnitude 4.6 and 5.3 produced significant damage in the region (intensity EMS: V), and these events changed the seismic hazard map used for the building code in Spain. Searching for earthquake precursors of these seismic events was performed, and precursory geochemical signatures of the 1995 and 1997 Galicia earthquakes were detected. These precursory signatures were observed in CO 2 -rich groundwaters from a 120 m deep well at Cabreiroá (Ourense, Galicia), ~90 km distance from the epicentres. Secular variations of the dissolved Cl -in these CO 2 -rich groundwaters showed clearly an increase trend three months before the occurrence of two earthquakes of magnitude 4.6 (November 29 and December 24, 1995) in Lugo (Galicia). After the precursory variations of Cl -prior to the earthquakes in 1995, a continuous radon monitoring system was installed at Cabreiorá's well. A significant increase of radon activity in the CO 2 -rich ground waters was detected four weeks prior to the magnitude 5.3 Galicia earthquake of May 21, 1997. Precursory changes in the chemical and isotopic composition of terrestrial fluids have been mainly attributed to the development of microcracks caused by the regional tectonic strain. The occurrence of these precursory geochemical signatures of CO 2 -rich groundwaters of magmatic origin in the NW Iberian peninsula probably suggests that high fluid pressure at depth play a major role in triggering earthquakes in the region.

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“…Among volcanic gas studies at volcanoes, diffuse CO 2 degassing phenomena, has played an important role owing to the special characteristics of CO 2 : it is the major gas species after water vapor in both volcanic fluids and magmas and it is an effective tracer of sub‐surface magma degassing [ Gerlach and Graeber , 1985]. Most of the diffuse CO 2 degassing studies at active volcanic and hydrothermal systems have consisted of mapping the volcanic structures in order to obtain a better understanding of the processes occurring at depth and to monitor the spatial distribution, magnitude and temporal evolution of the surface anomalies [ Carapezza et al , 2004; Chiodini et al , 2007; Frondini et al , 2004, Hernández et al , 1998, 2001; Notsu et al , 2005; Padrón et al , 2008a, 2008b; Pérez et al , 2004; Salazar et al , 2001; Viveiros et al , 2008], as well as to detect increases in diffuse CO 2 emissions related to volcanic activity [ Hernández et al , 2001; Rogie et al , 2001; Salazar et al , 2002; Carapezza et al , 2004].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precursory diffuse CO₂ and H₂S emission signatures of the 2011–2012 El Hierro submarine eruption, Canary Islands

Pérez¹,

Padilla²,

Padrón³

et al. 2012

Geophysical Research Letters

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On October 12, 2011, a submarine eruption began 2 km off the coast of La Restinga, south of El Hierro Island. CO2 and H2S soil efflux were continuously measured during the period of volcanic unrest by using the accumulation chamber method at two different geochemical stations, HIE01 and HIE07. Recorded CO2 and H2S effluxes showed precursory signals that preceded the submarine eruption. Beginning in late August, the CO2 efflux time series started increasing at a relatively constant rate over one month, reaching a maximum of 19 gm−2d−1 one week before the onset of the submarine volcanic eruption. The H2S efflux time series at HIE07 showed a pulse in H2S emission just one day before the initiation of the submarine eruption, reaching peak values of 42 mg m−2 d−1, 10 times the average H2S efflux recorded during the observation period. Since CO2 and H2S effluxes are strongly influenced by external factors, we applied a multiple regression analysis to remove their contribution. A statistical analysis showed that the long‐term trend of the filtered data is well correlated with the seismic energy. We find that these geochemical stations are important monitoring sites for evaluating the volcanic activity of El Hierro and that they demonstrate the potential of applying continuous monitoring of soil CO2 and H2S efflux to improve and optimize the detection of early warning signals of future volcanic unrest episodes at El Hierro. Continuous diffuse degassing studies would likely prove useful for monitoring other volcanoes during unrest episodes.

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Changes in the Diffuse CO2 Emission and Relation to Seismic Activity in and around El Hierro, Canary Islands

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

Magma storage and migration associated with the 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption: Implications for crustal magmatic systems at oceanic island volcanoes

Magma storage and migration associated with the 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption: Implications for crustal magmatic systems at oceanic island volcanoes

Searching and detecting earthquake geochemical precursors in CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters from Galicia, Spain

Precursory diffuse CO₂ and H₂S emission signatures of the 2011–2012 El Hierro submarine eruption, Canary Islands

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Changes in the Diffuse CO2 Emission and Relation to Seismic Activity in and around El Hierro, Canary Islands

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

Magma storage and migration associated with the 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption: Implications for crustal magmatic systems at oceanic island volcanoes

Magma storage and migration associated with the 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption: Implications for crustal magmatic systems at oceanic island volcanoes

Searching and detecting earthquake geochemical precursors in CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters from Galicia, Spain

Precursory diffuse CO2 and H2S emission signatures of the 2011–2012 El Hierro submarine eruption, Canary Islands

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Precursory diffuse CO₂ and H₂S emission signatures of the 2011–2012 El Hierro submarine eruption, Canary Islands