Changes in the content of anthocyanins, flavonols, and antioxidant activity in Fragaria ananassa var. Camarosa fruits under traditional and organic fertilization

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Strawberries are consumed worldwide. In Chile, strawberry production has been established in Andisols, were phosphorus is scarce. Traditional fertilization (TF) and organic fertilization (OF) have both been established there. This study examined their impact on the polyphenolic content of strawberries. RESULTS: Two anthocyanins were identified by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). The average total anthocyanin concentrations were found to be 651 mg kg −1 fresh weight in 100% OF, which represents a 56% increase compared to fruits that were not fertilized. In the case of flavonols, only quercetin-rhamnoside was identified, and its concentration reached 14.6 mg kg −1 with 100% OF. The ascorbic acid concentration reached 0.54 g kg −1 in 50% TF (a 20% increase over fruits without fertilization, WF). The antioxidant activities slightly increased in the fruits subjected to TF and OF in comparison with WF treatment. CONCLUSION: These results support a management strategy for obtaining the best quality and potential beneficial effects in health by increasing anthocyanins and other polyphenols under OF. ReagentsThe commercial standard of pelargonidin-3-glucoside chloride (98.95%) was obtained from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Quercetin (> 95%) and ascorbic acid (99.7%) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The standards of TROLOX (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxilic acid), ABTS (2,2 ′ -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)), gallic acid and sodium carbonate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. HPLC grade solvents as water, methanol, acetonitrile and p.a. grade as formic acid, ammoniac, and hydrochloric acid were acquired from Merck (Darmstandt, Germany). Identification and quantification of anthocyanins and flavonolsHigh performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) analyses of anthocyanins were carried out using a Shimadzu HPLC system (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a quaternary LC-20AT pump with a DGU-20A5R degassed unit, a CTO-20A oven, an SIL-20a autosampler, and a UV-vis diode array spectrophotometer (SPD-M20A). The compounds were identified by a HPLC-DAD system coupled to a mass spectrometer (QTrap LC/MS/MS 3200 Applied Biosystem MDS Sciex system (Foster City, CA, USA)). The instrument was controlled and data were collected using Analyst J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99: 2404-2410

Influence of Organic and Chemical Fertilisation on Antioxidant Compounds Profiles and Activities in Fruits of Fragaria ananassa var. Camarosa

“…The profile of the anthocyanins measured was matching (concordant) with previous results obtained by Ruiz et al (2019), in which mainly pelargonidin derivatives and pelargonidin-3-glucoside as the most abundant compound were detected. Anthocyanin concentrations results were in contrast to Fertilisation treatments: OF, organic fertilisation; TF, chemical fertiliser; WF, without fertilisation and doses 50% or 100% of the recommended fertilisation those of Carvajal et al (2012), where the highest concentrations of anthocyanins in Camarosa strawberry cultivar were obtained in treatments with lower levels of organic matter and higher levels of nutrient supplied, suggesting that higher concentrations of P alone may not significantly influence the concentrations of anthocyanins in the berries.…”

“…Phenolic compound determinations from strawberry fruits were performed according to Parada et al (2019), whereas ascorbic acid was determined based on the reported by Ruiz et al (2019). Chromatographic analyses were carried out on an HPLC-DAD Shimadzu (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a quaternary pump LC-20AT, a DGU-20A5R degasser unit, a CTO-20A oven and a UV-Vis diode array detector (SPDM20A).…”

“…The antioxidant content of several berries has been previously reported, showing that berries have high levels of flavonoids such as anthocyanins, flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCADs) (Ruiz et al 2013(Ruiz et al , 2015. The phenolic composition of strawberry fruits cultivated under greenhouse showed high abundance of anthocyanin derivatives such as pelargonidin, reaching up to 369 μg g −1 under chemical fertiliser (75% of the total anthocyanin content) (Crecente-Campo et al 2012;Ruiz et al 2019). On the other hand, regarding the arbuscular mycorrizal symbiosis, chemical fertilisers are more relevant for increasing the anthocyanin concentrations (Parada et al 2019), being the type of fertilisation also relevant to the nutraceutical quality of the strawberry fruit.…”

Antioxidant Responses of Phenolic Compounds and Immobilization of Copper in Imperata cylindrica, a Plant with Potential Use for Bioremediation of Cu Contaminated Environments

“…Phenolic composition of root organs (mainly rhizomes) from I. cylindrica has been previously reported where mainly flavones were detected [ 38 ]; however, only p-coumaric acid and tricin have been previously reported in shoots [ 20 ]. It is noticeable that phenolic compounds as anthocyanins or hydroxycinnamic acids are main responsible of the antioxidant activity [ 39 ], also playing an important role in the protection of tissues to cope with the damage induced by ROS. As previously mentioned, here we identified six signals of phenolic compounds; however, according to the reported by Yang et al [ 40 ], the other not-identified metabolites corresponded to flavonoid glycosydes (subtypes of flavonoid O-glycosides, detected in peaks 6 , 8 , 9A , 9B and 10 ).…”

Determination of Polyphenols Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique (LC–MS/MS): A Review

“…For example, some phenolic compounds are very photosensitive, as a result, rapid extraction methods are necessary to avoid the degradation of them [28]. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-liquid extraction (SLE) followed by a stage of concentration and purification are the most widely used methods to make a selective extraction of phenolic compounds from various matrices [2,3,[29][30][31][32].…”