Changes in the bacterial flora of the throat and intestinal tract during prolonged oral administration of penicillin

Lipman, Miriam Olmstead; Coss, James A.; Boots, Ralph H.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(48)90393-3

Cited by 27 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Although Elie Metchnikov speculated over 100 years ago that certain bacterial species constituting the microbiota contribute to disease resistance and human longevity (Brown and Valiere, 2004), the role of the microbiota in resistance to infectious diseases was not fully appreciated until potent antibiotics were introduced into medical practice in the 1940s. Clinicians caring for patients treated with penicillin or streptomycin noted that the bacterial populations colonizing their patients were altered by antibiotic treatment, leading to infections with yeasts and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Lipman et al, 1948; Keefer, 1951; Woods et al, 1951; Smith, 1952). These observations led to experimental studies with rodents in the 1950s by Miller, Bohnhoff, and Freter that demonstrated marked increases in susceptibility to infection by Salmonella enteritidis (Miller et al, 1957), Shigella flexneri , and Vibrio cholerae (Freter, 1956) following antibiotic treatment.…”

Section: Commensal Microorganisms and Mechanisms Of Colonization Resimentioning

confidence: 99%

Enlisting commensal microbes to resist antibiotic-resistant pathogens

Keith¹,

Pamer

2018

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens is an all-too-common consequence of antibiotic use. Although antibiotic resistance among virulent bacterial pathogens is a growing concern, the highest levels of antibiotic resistance occur among less pathogenic but more common bacteria that are prevalent in healthcare settings. Patient-to-patient transmission of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a perpetual concern in hospitals. Many of these resistant microbes, such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, emerge from the intestinal lumen and invade the bloodstream of vulnerable patients, causing disseminated infection. These infections are associated with preceding antibiotic administration, which changes the intestinal microbiota and compromises resistance to colonization by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Recent and ongoing studies are increasingly defining commensal bacterial species and the inhibitory mechanisms they use to prevent infection. The use of next-generation probiotics derived from the intestinal microbiota represents an alternative approach to prevention of infection by enriching colonization with protective commensal species, thereby reducing the density of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and also reducing patient-to-patient transmission of infection in healthcare settings.

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Section: Commensal Microorganisms and Mechanisms Of Colonization Resimentioning

confidence: 99%

Enlisting commensal microbes to resist antibiotic-resistant pathogens

Keith¹,

Pamer

2018

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…Authors such as Lipman, Coss, and Boots (1948) and Obrinsky, Dormont, Fowler, and Ruhstaller (1950) have minimized the primary role of Klebsiellae as causative factors of disease. They suggest that alleged recent increases in the incidence of Klebsiella infections can be ascribed to antibiotic superinfections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Klebsiella Serotypes in Infections of the Ear and Upper Respiratory Tract

Epstein¹,

Friedmann²

1958

J Clin Pathol

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“…The highest concentration of aureomycin used in their studies was 0.1 mg/ml, and it is only at higher levels of antibiotic concentration that the stimulatory effect of aureomycin becomes apparent. Furthermore, the role played by mere competition by bacteria for nutritive substrate cannot be of major importance since a number of studies of the effect of antibiotics on the intestinal flora indicate that the change is qualitative rather than quantitative; in fact the total bacterial count after continued antibiotic therapy frequently exceeds that existing before the administration of the drugs (Bierman and Jawetz, 1951;Dearing and Heilman, 1950;Lipman et al, 1946;Marshall et al, 1950;Metzger and Shapse, 1950;Spaulding et al, 1949).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%