Changes in test-taking patterns over time

Must, Olev; Must, Anne

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.005

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Each correctly guessed item on the Raven's Progressive Matrices increases IQ by three points (Brand, 1987). Must and Must (2013) furthermore found that false positives associated with increased guessing account for approximately a third of the secular IQ gain experienced by Estonian cohorts. DSF is immune to these 'Brand effects' as guessing cannot be used as a strategy to improve performance on recall tasks, therefore the secular gain in DSF may represent a lowermagnitude, albeit 'authentic' Flynn effect involving genuine increases in aspects of working memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…A major issue stems from testwiseness, specifically the increased use of guessing as an answering strategy on multiple choice type answer formats, which is known to inflate IQ test scores (Brand, 1987), and contributes to secular IQ trends (Must & Must, 2013;Pietschnig, Tran, & Voracek, 2013). Guessing is used primarily on more difficult questions, thus secular gains due to guessing (termed the 'Brand effect' after psychometrician Christopher Brand who first predicted their existence) mimic gains in g .…”

Section: The Co-occurrence Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Do opposing secular trends on backwards and forwards digit span evidence the co-occurrence model? A comment on Gignac (2015)

Fernandes

2015

Intelligence

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: The Co-occurrence Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do opposing secular trends on backwards and forwards digit span evidence the co-occurrence model? A comment on Gignac (2015)

Fernandes

2015

Intelligence

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“…These data, here, are used to explore cohort differences in latent arithmetic ability as well as the potential for DIF. There are a variety of counterexplanations for why the later cohort outperformed the earlier cohort, and these are discussed in Must and Must (2013). These analyses are not to be taken as novel theoretical findings, but rather an example used for showing how to conduct DIF analysis.…”

Section: Mimic Dif Models As Mediation and Moderated Mediation Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MIMIC Models for Uniform and Nonuniform DIF as Moderated Mediation Models

Montoya

Jeon

2019

Applied Psychological Measurement

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In this article, the authors describe how multiple indicators multiple cause (MIMIC) models for studying uniform and nonuniform differential item functioning (DIF) can be conceptualized as mediation and moderated mediation models. Conceptualizing DIF within the context of a moderated mediation model helps to understand DIF as the effect of some variable on measurements that is not accounted for by the latent variable of interest. In addition, useful concepts and ideas from the mediation and moderation literature can be applied to DIF analysis: (a) improving the understanding of uniform and nonuniform DIF as direct effects and interactions, (b) understanding the implication of indirect effects in DIF analysis, (c) clarifying the interpretation of the ''uniform DIF parameter'' in the presence of nonuniform DIF, and (d) probing interactions and using the concept of ''conditional effects'' to better understand the patterns of DIF across the range of the latent variable.

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“…This is potentially important as scores on psychometric tests with multiple-choice-type answer formats are known to be inflated by factors relating to test wiseness such as guessing (Brand, 1987; Must and Must, 2013). It has been found that people are more likely to utilize guessing on more g- loaded measures of ability (Woodley et al, 2014b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

By their words ye shall know them: Evidence of genetic selection against general intelligence and concurrent environmental enrichment in vocabulary usage since the mid 19th century

2015

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It has been theorized that declines in general intelligence (g) due to genetic selection stemming from the inverse association between completed fertility and IQ and the Flynn effect co-occur, with the effects of the latter being concentrated on less heritable non-g sources of intelligence variance. Evidence for this comes from the observation that 19th century populations were more intellectually productive, and also exhibited faster simple reaction times than modern ones, suggesting greater information-processing ability and therefore higher g. This co-occurrence model is tested via examination of historical changes in the utilization frequencies of words from the highly g-loaded WORDSUM test across 5.9 million texts spanning the period 1850–2005. Consistent with predictions, words with higher difficulties (δ parameters from Item Response Theory) and stronger negative correlations between pass rates and completed fertility declined in use over time whereas less difficult and less strongly selected words, increased in use over time, consistent with a Flynn effect stemming in part from the vocabulary enriching effects of increases in population literacy. These findings persisted when explicitly controlled for word age, changing literacy rates and temporal autocorrelation. These trends constitute compelling evidence for the co-occurrence model.

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Changes in test-taking patterns over time

Cited by 33 publications

References 41 publications

Do opposing secular trends on backwards and forwards digit span evidence the co-occurrence model? A comment on Gignac (2015)

Do opposing secular trends on backwards and forwards digit span evidence the co-occurrence model? A comment on Gignac (2015)

MIMIC Models for Uniform and Nonuniform DIF as Moderated Mediation Models

By their words ye shall know them: Evidence of genetic selection against general intelligence and concurrent environmental enrichment in vocabulary usage since the mid 19th century

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