Changes in technical regulations and drivers’ safety in top-class motor sports

Lippi, Giuseppe; Salvagno, Gian Luca; Franchini, Massimo; Guidi, Gian Cesare

doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.038778

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the SCH group, there was a poor correlation between Free T 3 and Free T 4 with creatinine and eGFR [Table 5]. An inverse association between TSH levels and eGFR in OHT group was also found in studies in Italy (n = 9888), 20 Norway (n = 29 480) 21 and Korea (n = 2284) 22 which are similar findings with our study. Woodward A. et al 23 concluded that eGFR of the hypothyroid, euthyroid patients were 64 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and 77 mL/min/1.73 m 2 respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Study of evaluation of renal function in subclinical hypothyroid patients

Anandpara¹,

Pancha²,

Rawal³

et al. 2020

IJCBR

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Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is evaluated as an increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) above the given upper limit of the reference range, with free thyroxine (free T) and free triiodothyronine (free T) within the reference range. Thyroid hormones play major role in the growth, development and physiology of the renal system. The study was performed to evaluate renal functions in SCH cases. The study was conducted at Smt SMS Multispecialty hospital. 50 SCH and 50 overt hypothyroidism (OHT) cases, 100 euthyroid patients (ET) were enrolled in the study. Thyroid function test, serum creatinine and eGFR were measured in all the three groups. The result shows that there was a definitive trend of increased serum creatinine from euthyroid group to SCH group and finally to OHT group and definitive trend of decreased eGFR from euthyroid group to SCH group and finally to OHT group. Among the three groups, there are higher percentage of patients having high serum creatinine and low eGFR belongs to SCH and OHT group in comparison to ET group. Our result showed a significant positive correlation of TSH with serum creatinine in cases of SCH and OHT and significant negative correlation of TSH with eGFR in cases of SCH and OHT. Finding of our study suggests that renal function and thyroid function are interrelated with each other in SCH cases. SCH patients should be monitored for renal parameters regularly to prevent long term complications. Early diagnosis and early treatment of the disease and can increase the quality of life.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Study of evaluation of renal function in subclinical hypothyroid patients

Anandpara¹,

Pancha²,

Rawal³

et al. 2020

IJCBR

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“…The results show that during driving the kart drivers experienced an average acceleration of about 0.7 G , and a maximum acceleration of about 2.4 G . This compares with a F1 car, which can achieve a lateral acceleration of about 4.5 G on cornering, while a high‐performance road car is said to achieve a maximum of 1 G (Lippi, Salvagno, Franchini, & Guidi, 2007; Watkins, 2006). Although the G values during kart driving are approximately half those during F1 driving, it could be considered that the physical load during motor sports can be quite high.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological measurements and analyses in motor sports: a preliminary study in racing kart athletes

Yamakoshi

Matsumura

Yamakoshi

et al. 2010

European Journal of Sport Science

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The aims of this study were to assess methods for performing physiological measurements in motor sports, and to carry out a preliminary study in athletes participating in kart racing. The measurement of physiological variables in motor sports is practically challenging, largely due to the restricted space available for sensors and instrumentation and to movement artefacts from driver's operations and car vibration, hence the paucity of publications. We performed a preliminary study of amateur racing kart athletes to assess the performance of basic measurement apparatus and to collect preliminary data on the possible influences of gravity on cardiovascular activity. We measured the vector magnitude of acceleration (G), instantaneous heart rate using electrocardiography, blood pressure with a wrist sphygmomanometer, eardrum temperature (taken as a measure of core body temperature) with a radiation thermometer, and lap time. The instrumentation functioned satisfactorily during karting on a racing circuit. In all participants during driving, heart rate was maintained at approximately 150 beats × min (1 . Time-frequency analysis of all heart rate data was performed to evaluate cardiac control mechanisms and this suggested that the observed rise in heart rate could be due to sympathetic acceleration. Furthermore, while we do not have sufficient data to draw firm conclusions, it is suggested that the rise in heart rate could be related to the G stresses to which the drivers were subjected. Cross-correlation analysis of the G and heart rate signals was performed in one participant and this showed a statistically significant correlation. We also found a statistically significant decrease in blood pressure (P B 0.01) and a rise in eardrum temperature (PB0.01) immediately after the driving period. We conclude that although current sensors and instrumentation can allow basic monitoring of physiological variables in motor sport athletes, further developments are needed to allow more detailed investigations to be performed. Cardiovascular activity in response to G stresses warrants particular detailed investigation.

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“…The 125-cc class uses a 2-stroke engine while Moto2 and MotoGP use 4-stroke engines. Although road-race motorcycling performance depends on the characteristics of the motorcycle as well as on the capabilities of the riders, research has focused mainly on the technology advances of the motorbikes and riding equipment [8,23] , pattern of injuries [16,28,29] , and safety [20,21] . At the present, there are few scientifi c data on the physical and physiological load in training and competition [2,6,7,10,13] , and there is no information on the anthropometric and physical characteristics of road-race motorcyclists.…”

Section: Introduction ▼mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Profile of Elite Young Motorcyclists

Sánchez-Muñoz

Rodríguez²,

Casimiro-Andújar³

et al. 2011

Int J Sports Med

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The aim of the study was to describe anthropometric and physical characteristics of elite young road-race motorcyclists (MC). 27 riders (15.6±1.1 years, 54.6±6.9 kg, 166.9±6.7 cm) competing at international elite level participated in this study. Anthropometric variables, hand grip and lumbar isometric strength, and lower-body muscular strength were measured. Comparisons of the MC and a reference group of Spanish physically active adolescents (16.0±0.6 years) showed that the riders were significantly lighter (-12.5 kg), and smaller (-4.7 cm). Riders also had significantly lower values for almost all skinfolds, and for all the measured girths (except forearm) than the reference group. Motorcyclists showed significantly less percent body fat (%BF) and higher muscle mass, and differences were observed for somatotype components compared to the reference group, except for the ectomorphy. Somatotype could be defined as mesomorphic-ectomorph (2.5-4.4-3.7). Mean (±SD) values of all riders were 34.8±5.0 cm for vertical jump height, 402.1±74.5 N for the right hand and 370.7±77.5 N for the left hand strengths, and 120.6±19.3 kg for lumbar isometric strength, respectively. Results demonstrate that MC are small and light, with lower body mass index, skinfolds, girth and breadth dimensions, and %BF than a reference group and other athletes, with high values of hand grip and lumbar isometric strength.

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Changes in technical regulations and drivers’ safety in top-class motor sports

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Study of evaluation of renal function in subclinical hypothyroid patients

Study of evaluation of renal function in subclinical hypothyroid patients

Physiological measurements and analyses in motor sports: a preliminary study in racing kart athletes

Physical Profile of Elite Young Motorcyclists

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