Changes in T Cell Homeostasis and Vaccine Responses in Old Age

Wong, Glenn; Strickland, Marie; Larbi, Anis

doi:10.1159/000504487

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In our studies in a population of over 80,000 subjects, median IgG levels were more than 3-fold higher in those ≥65 years as compared to those <30 years of age. Possibly older subjects with positive antibody levels mount a greater IgG response in order to compensate for the decreased overall cellular immunity found in the elderly as compared to the young [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corona Virus Disease-19 serology, inflammatory markers, hospitalizations, case finding, and aging

et al. 2021

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Most deaths from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection occur in older subjects. We assessed the utility of serum inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), C reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin (Roche, Indianapolis, IN), and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and neutralizing antibodies (Diazyme, Poway, CA). In controls, non-hospitalized subjects, and hospitalized subjects assessed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (n = 278), median IgG levels in arbitrary units (AU)/mL were 0.05 in negative subjects, 14.83 in positive outpatients, and 30.61 in positive hospitalized patients (P<0.0001). Neutralizing antibody levels correlated significantly with IgG (r = 0.875; P<0.0001). Having combined values of IL-6 ≥10 pg/mL and CRP ≥10 mg/L occurred in 97.7% of inpatients versus 1.8% of outpatients (odds ratio 3,861, C statistic 0.976, P = 1.00 x 10−12). Antibody or ferritin levels did not add significantly to predicting hospitalization. Antibody testing in family members and contacts of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive cases (n = 759) was invaluable for case finding. Persistent IgM levels were associated with chronic COVID-19 symptoms. In 81,624 screened subjects, IgG levels were positive (≥1.0 AU/mL) in 5.21%, while IgM levels were positive in 2.96% of subjects. In positive subjects median IgG levels in AU/mL were 3.14 if <30 years of age, 4.38 if 30–44 years of age, 7.89 if 45–54 years of age, 9.52 if 55–64 years of age, and 10.64 if ≥65 years of age (P = 2.96 x 10−38). Our data indicate that: 1) combined IL-6 ≥10 pg/mL and CRP ≥10 mg/L identify SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects requiring hospitalization; 2) IgG levels were significantly correlated with neutralizing antibody levels with a wide range of responses; 3) IgG levels have significant utility for case finding in exposed subjects; 4) persistently elevated IgM levels are associated with chronic symptoms; and 5) IgG levels are significantly higher in positive older subjects than their younger counterparts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corona Virus Disease-19 serology, inflammatory markers, hospitalizations, case finding, and aging

et al. 2021

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“…The ≥65 years of age category accounts for ∼10% of all SARS-CoV-2 cases and ∼80% of SARS-CoV-2 mortality [24]. Possibly older subjects with positive antibody levels mount a greater IgG response in order to compensate for the decreased overall cellular immunity found in the elderly as compared to the young [28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possibly older subjects with positive antibody levels mount a greater IgG response in order to compensate for the decreased overall cellular immunity found in the elderly as compared to the young [28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical utility of Corona Virus Disease-19 serum IgG, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies and inflammatory markers

Schaefer

Comite

Dulipsingh

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Most deaths from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection occur in older subjects. We assessed age effects and clinical utility of serum SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and neutralizing antibodies and serum inflammatory markers. Serum IgG, IgM, and neutralizing antibody levels were measured using chemiluminescence assays from Diazyme (Poway, CA), while serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), C reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin were measured with immunoassays obtained from Roche (Indianapolis, IN). In 79,005 subjects, IgG and IgM levels were positive (≥1.0 arbitrary units [AU]/mL) in 5.29% and 3.25% of subjects, respectively. In antibody positive subjects, median IgG levels were 3.93 AU/mL if <45 years of age, 10.18 AU/mL if 45-64 years of age, and 10.85 AU/mL if ≥65 years of age (p<0.0001). In SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive cases, family members and exposed subjects (n=1,111), antibody testing was found to be valuable for case finding, and persistent IgM levels were associated with chronic symptoms. In non-hospitalized and hospitalized subjects assessed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (n=278), median IgG levels in AU/mL were 0.05 in negative subjects (n=100), 14.83 in positive outpatients (n=129), and 30.61 in positive hospitalized patients (n=49, p<0.0001). Neutralizing antibody levels correlated significantly with IgG (r=0.875; p<0.0001). Two or more of the criteria of IL-6 ≥10 pg/mL, CRP ≥10 mg/L, and/or IgM >1.0 AU/mL occurred in 97.7% of inpatients versus 1.8% of outpatients (>50-fold relative risk, C statistic 0.986, p<0.0001). Our data indicate that: 1) IgG levels are significantly higher in positive older subjects, possibly to compensate for decreased cellular immunity with aging; 2) IgG levels are important for case finding in family clusters; 3) IgG levels are significantly correlated with neutralizing antibody levels; 4) persistently elevated IgM levels are associated with chronic disease; and 5) markedly elevated IL-6, hs-CRP, and/or positive IgM accurately identify SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive subjects requiring hospitalization.

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“…In this respect, several studies have demonstrated reduced specific antibodies responses against the influenza vaccine in elderly people [5], showing that immune cell actions are severely compromised during the immunosenescence [6]. The best proof for such findings is that it was reported a significant decline in the number of T cells, particularly naive T cells, associated with an increase of memory T cells [7]. Therefore, it is broadly accepted that these aspects can putatively disturb the immune responses against the new challenges imposed by the vaccination [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Exercise Training and l-Glutamine Supplementation Enhances Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses after Influenza Virus Vaccination in Elderly Subjects

et al. 2020

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Background: Since aging affects the immune responses against vaccination, the present study evaluated the effects of L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation in the humoral and cellular immune responses in elderly subjects, practitioners or not, of physical exercise training. Methods: Eighty-four elderly people (aged 72.6 ± 6.1), non-practitioners (NP, n = 31), and practitioners of combined-exercise training (CET, n = 53) were submitted to Influenza virus vaccination and supplemented with Gln (0.3 g/kg of weight + 10 g of maltodextrin, groups: NP-Gln (n = 14), and CET-Gln (n = 26)), or placebo (10 g of maltodextrin, groups: NP-PL (n = 17), and CET-PL (n = 27)). Blood samples were collected pre (baseline) and 30 days post-vaccination and supplementation. Results: Comparing with the baseline values, whereas the NP-Gln and CET-PL groups showed higher specific-IgM levels, the CET-Gln group showed higher specific-IgM and IgA levels post-vaccination. The titer rate of hemagglutination inhibition was higher in the CET-Gln, NP-PL, and NP-Gln groups post-vaccination than baseline values. The absolute number of naive and effector CD4+ T cells was higher especially in the NP-Gln and CET-Gln groups, whilst activated CD4+ T cells were higher in CET subgroups post-vaccination. Conclusion: Our results showed that both l-glutamine supplementation and combined-exercise training can improve the immune responses to the Influenza virus vaccine in elderly subjects.

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Changes in T Cell Homeostasis and Vaccine Responses in Old Age

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Corona Virus Disease-19 serology, inflammatory markers, hospitalizations, case finding, and aging

Corona Virus Disease-19 serology, inflammatory markers, hospitalizations, case finding, and aging

Clinical utility of Corona Virus Disease-19 serum IgG, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies and inflammatory markers

Combined Exercise Training and l-Glutamine Supplementation Enhances Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses after Influenza Virus Vaccination in Elderly Subjects

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