Changes in salivary physiological stress markers induced by muscle stretching in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract

Background: Psychophysiological processing has been reported to play a crucial role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but there has been no report on modulation of the stress marker chromogranin A (CgA) resulting from muscle stretching. We hypothesized that abdominal muscle stretching as a passive operation would have a beneficial effect on a biochemical index of the activity of the sympathetic/adrenomedullary system (salivary CgA) and anxiety.

Pain levels associated with renal colic and primary dysmenorrhea: a prospective controlled study with objective and subjective outcomes

“…It was reported that CgA, which is a catecholamine derivative, could be used to evaluate stress and pain levels. Despite the these results obtained in our study, a review of the literature showed that CgA levels had been found to increase quantitatively in painful, and stressful conditions [8][9][10]. In a study by Toda et al [26], students were assigned 10 min sequential arithmetic tasks and it was found that they had increased serum CgA levels.…”

“…Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [25]. The activity of the HPA and sympatho-adrenal systems (S/A) can be evaluated by measuring the cortisol and catecholamine levels in the blood and sputum [8]. In sputum samples of patients referred to ERs because of toothaches, it was found that the cortisol levels increased in parallel to the severity of the pain experienced by the patient [9].…”

“…Among these mediators, CgA is a member of a family of very acidic proteins called chromogranins, which are co-stored in the adrenergic neurons and paraneurons and co-released with adrenaline and noradrenaline in reaction to stimulation. A small number of research studies have shown that CgA can be used for the evaluation of stress and pain [8]. Despite the varying results in the past literature, it has been generally found that CgA levels increase quantitatively in painful and stressful conditions.…”

“…Despite the varying results in the past literature, it has been generally found that CgA levels increase quantitatively in painful and stressful conditions. Accordingly, recent studies have shown that chromogranin A (CgA) is an important parameter in the evaluation of stress [7][8][9][10]. Since dysmenorrhea and renal colic can be thought of as very strong stressors, we anticipate that an increase in the levels of CgA will be observed in these conditions.…”

Is Psychological Stress a Possible Risk Factor for Periodontal Disease? A Systematic Review

“…The biological mechanism involves the autonomous nervous system (ANS) which, when stimulated by adrenergic receptors, leads to secretion of catecholamines (adrenalin/noradrenalin) (CAs), neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) [18] and chromogranin A (CgA) by the adrenal medulla, thereby indirectly provoking periodontal tissue breakdown. Catecholamines regulate the immune response by stimulation of immune cell propagation and activity [19,20], whereas CgA have antimicrobial effects [21]. The autonomous nervous system acts on the salivary glands during stress by secreting enzymes such as salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), which acts by neutralizing and preventing pathogens from entering the body via the mucosal surfaces and inhibiting the adherence and growth of bacteria in the oral cavity [22,23].…”