Changes in response to spinal cord injury with development: Vascularization, hemorrhage and apoptosis

Whalley, Katherine; O’Neill, Paul; Ferretti, Patrizia

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.064

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…They distinguish three phases in the developing chick spinal cord: the earliest days of development (up to day 5) when progenitors are numerous and re-growth of the neural tube is supported by regulation rather than regeneration; the mid-phase from day 5 to day 12, the only regenerationpermissive period, when the spinal cord is at an advanced stage of maturation but still lacks myelination; and finally the late phase, from day 13 onwards, when injury leads to extensive haemorrhage and cavitation that prevent efficient regeneration. These latter events correspond to what is observed in the injured mammalian spinal cord and actually correlate with massive apoptosis [11]. The identification of the blood factors that drive this process is certainly one path for future therapies to increase cell and axonal survival.…”

Section: Introduction (Part Of a Multi-author Review)supporting

confidence: 61%

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Regeneration and Tissue Repair

Galliot

Tanaka²,

Simon

2007

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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Section: Introduction (Part Of a Multi-author Review)supporting

confidence: 61%

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Regeneration and Tissue Repair

Galliot

Tanaka²,

Simon

2007

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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“…The primary injury (local damage to tissues) is followed by secondary injuries (neuropathic pain, inflammation, reversible and/or irreversible damage to the nervous system), making SCI difficult to manage [1][2][3][4]. The management of pain and inflammation is achieved using various analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents, including opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, and steroids [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an <i>in</i> situ polymeric hydrogel implant of methylprednisolone for spinal injuries

Guan¹,

Zhu²,

Ma³

et al. 2017

Trop. J. Pharm Res

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“…Vasculature and cell differentiation are increasing at an exponential rate throughout these days [27]; myelination of axons is also increasing rapidly. It is feasible that inter-cellular connections are initially weakened while cells differentiate, which would explain a slight decrease in stiffness.…”

Section: Spinal Cord Quasistatic Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along with the knowledge that E13 onwards parallels the development of the human infant in its first years, analysis of blood vessels has shown that the chick embryo's spinal cord blood supply becomes much more elaborate and branched after E13 [27]. Thus, spinal cord developmental changes were expected to be greatly increased after E13.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of the Chick Embryo Spinal Cord

Elias

Maikos

Shreiber

2007

ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference

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The mechanical properties of the spinal cord dictate its response to traumatic loading conditions, and also provide important cues to cellular constituents that regulate behavior such as growth and differentiation. After initial connections are established, the structure and composition of the human spinal cord continues to significantly change during development, both pre-natally and during the early years of life. As such, the mechanical properties of the spinal cord are likely to also change, which would potentially alter both the physical tolerance of the spinal cord to injury as well as the regulatory mechanostructural cues that encourage or inhibit neural differentiation and axon growth.Previous studies have quantified the properties of fully developed adult spinal cords from the rat, cat and human. This study quantifies the mechanical properties of the chick embryo spinal cord during a period of rapid growth and development which partially parallels the development of the post-natal human infant.Quasistatic uniaxial tensile testing to failure was performed on chick embryo spinal cords at 0.001s iii Stress-relaxation viscoelastic testing was also performed on spinal cords from the same development days at a loading rate consistent with those experienced during trauma (ramp to 7.5% stretch at ~19.5s -1 and hold for 10 seconds). All spinal cords demonstrated significant relaxation, and the behavior was modeled with a linear series of 4 exponential decay time constants. Statistical analysis indicated that the viscoelastic properties did not change between the days tested. Regardless of the maximum stress reached from the ramp phase, all cords tested relaxed ~72.5% with ~68% of this relaxation occurring within the first 30ms. The changes in the stiffness and UTS in the developing chick embryo spinal cord suggest similar changes in the developing human spinal cord, which points to the need for age-specific injury tolerance criteria.iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Changes in response to spinal cord injury with development: Vascularization, hemorrhage and apoptosis

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Regeneration and Tissue Repair

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Regeneration and Tissue Repair

Development of an <i>in</i> situ polymeric hydrogel implant of methylprednisolone for spinal injuries

Mechanical Properties of the Chick Embryo Spinal Cord

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