Changes in pupil reaction to light in Alzheimer’s disease patients: a preliminary report

Fotiou, Fotis; Fountoulakis, K.N.; Tsolaki, Magda; Goulas, A.; Palikaras, A.

doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00099-4

Cited by 86 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Changes to a number of response parameters have been found in AD compared to healthy ageing [100], with a single parameter (reduced "maximum constriction acceleration") facilitating perfect classification in one study. This built upon previous studies which also found statistically significant differences in pupil flash response between AD and controls [91,[101][102], but Granholm et al [91] found that AD and Parkinson's disease patients exhibited the same results. This suggests that specificity might also be an issue for this test, although "maximum constriction acceleration" was not considered in this study.…”

Section: (Figure 2)supporting

confidence: 72%

Ocular Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

Frost

Martins

Kanagasingam

2010

JAD

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized clinically by a progressive decline in memory, learning and executive function and neuropathologically by the presence of cerebral amyloid deposits. Despite a century of research, there is still no cure or conclusive pre-mortem diagnosis for the disease. A number of symptom-modifying drugs for AD have been developed, but their efficacy is minimal and short-lived. AD cognitive symptoms arise only after significant, irreversible neural deterioration has occurred, hence there is an urgent need to detect AD early, before the onset of cognitive symptoms. An accurate, early diagnostic test for AD would enable current and future treatments to be more effective, as well as contribute to the development of new treatments.While most AD related pathology occurs in the brain, the disease has also been reported to affect the eye, which is more accessible for imaging than the brain. AD-related proteins exist in the normal human eye and may produce ocular pathology in AD. There is some homology between the retinal and cerebral vasculatures and the retina also contains nerve cells and fibers that form a sensory extension of the brain. The eye is the only place in the body where vasculature or neural tissue is available for non-invasive optical imaging. This article presents a review of current literature on ocular morphology in AD and discusses the potential for an ocular based screening test for AD.

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Section: (Figure 2)supporting

confidence: 72%

Ocular Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

Frost

Martins

Kanagasingam

2010

JAD

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“…Other ocular biomarkers investigated in AD include pupillary abnormalities: hypersensitivity to pupillary dilatation with cholinergic antagonist eye drops, [71][72][73] supersensitive pupillary response to cholinergic agonists, 74 and altered pupil flash responses. 75,76 AB deposition (AB 1-40 and AB 1-42) has been found in the lens with comparable concentrations to those in the brain. 77 AB 1-40 has also been found in aqueous humour with comparable concentrations in the CSF, 77 and AB 1-42 in the vitreous humour.…”

Section: The Eye In Admentioning

confidence: 79%

How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis?

Jones-Odeh

Hammond

2015

Eye

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Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder with established relationships with ocular structures such as the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Ocular imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow for quantitative measurement of these structures. OCT has been used in the monitoring of glaucoma, as well as investigating other neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we highlight the association between these disorders and ocular structures (RNFL and GCL), examining their usefulness as biomarkers of neurodegeneration. The average RNFL thickness loss in patients with AD is 11 μm, and 7 μm in MS patients. Most of the studies investigating these changes are cross-sectional. Further longitudinal studies are required to assess sensitivity and specificity of these potential ocular biomarkers to neurodegenerative disease progression. Eye (2015Eye ( ) 29, 1270Eye ( -1284 doi:10.1038/eye.2015; published online 4 September 2015 IntroductionGlaucoma is a neurodegenerative optic neuropathy manifesting with progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and axonal loss, which can result in visual field defects and blindness because of permanent cellular and neuronal damage. Subjective clinical examination of the optic nerve head (ONH) allows for assessment and monitoring of the structural changes associated with glaucoma. However, objective detection of defects in the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) by ophthalmoscopy is difficult. The relationship between glaucoma progression and the structural changes observed at the ONH, RGC layer, and RNFL in glaucoma is well established. [1][2][3][4] Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma is vital to maintain visual field, as loss of RGCs is irreversible, 5 and even before any detectable visual field defects, there is a substantial loss of RGCs. Morphological abnormalities can develop 3-5 years before any functional loss is detected. 6 Since the introduction of ocular imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements have been used for the detection and monitoring of glaucoma. 7,8 However, the use of OCT has extended beyond RNFL measurements for glaucoma, and has also been used in the investigation of other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) 9-11 and multiple sclerosis (MS). [12][13][14] In addition, given the similarities of brain and retinal foetal angiogenesis, 15,16 retinal microvasculature has also been investigated as a biomarker of changes in cerebral vasculature and cognitive decline. [17][18][19] In this review, we examine the relationships between glaucoma, neurodegenerative disease, and cognitive impairment, and the use of RNFL thickness and RGC loss as potential ocular biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and MS. We review the strength of associations between RNFL and RGC and Eye (2015Eye ( ) 29, 1270Eye ( -1284Eye ( © 2015 Macmillan Publis...

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“…Trabalhos de pesquisa anteriores [3,4,5] relacionaram uma alteração no diâmetro pupilar de pacientes com a doença de Alzheimer, indicando um possível comprometimento do sistema nervoso autônomo devido ao prejuízo da função cognitiva causado pela doença. O teste do reflexo pupilar à luz (Pupil Light Response) já foi utilizado em trabalhos anteriores na investigação de condições como alcoolismo [6], uso de drogas [7,8], síndrome de Down [9], depressão [10], entre outros.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Pupilometria Aplicada À Doença De Alzheimer

Silva¹,

Veiga²,

Silva³

2018

Anais Do v Congresso Brasileiro De Eletromiografia E Cinesiologia E X Simpósio De Engenharia Biomédica

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Resumo: A doença de Alzheimer (DA), em seu exercício clínico, por ainda não possuir marcadores de diagnóstico precisos, está condicionada à avaliação médica para determinar a hipótese principal geradora da doença. Este trabalho tem por finalidade investigar o comportamento e os parâmetros de resposta da pupila em um grupo de pacientes com a doença de Alzheimer e correlacionar com outro grupo sem o quadro clínico da doença. O método de investigação proposto é a pupilometria embarcada num protótipo portátil de baixo custo, que consiste numa análise não invasiva para aferir de forma dinâmica o tamanho e outros parâmetros da pupila durante um ciclo pupilar utilizando um estímulo luminoso. Palavras-chave:Pupilometria, Diagnóstico, Alzheimer, DA, PLR. Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal investigar o comportamento e os parâmetros de resposta da pupila ao estímulo luminoso, entre um grupo de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer e outro grupo sem o diagnóstico da doença ou outra demência. O método de investigação proposto é a pupilometria, que consiste numa análise não invasiva para aferir de forma dinâmica o tamanho da pupila durante um ciclo pupilar utilizando um estímulo luminoso. Um ciclo pupilar consiste no movimento de contração da pupila, seguido por uma expansão e em sequência retornando ao estado inicial [11]. A grande vantagem é que a análise via software da pupilometria foi desenvolvida e embarcada num protótipo portátil de baixíssimo custo utilizando linguagem computacional de código aberto. Abstract Materiais e métodosA presente pesquisa ainda está em andamento e possui caráter exploratório visando avaliar a possibilidade do uso da tecnologia desenvolvida como biomarcador. O Ambulatório de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) é a instituição coparticipante dessa pesquisa, conforme parecer aprovado no Comitê de Ética em 21 de outubro de 2016 sob o número 1.787.215.O equipamento utilizado na coleta de amostras, denominado de protótipo, e os demais materiais e métodos são descritos a seguir:Raspberry Pi 2 -é um dispositivo integrado com processador quad-core ARM Cortex-A7, 1 GB de memória RAM, 40 pinos GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) e quatro portas USB, conforme Figura 1. As portas de entrada e saída GPIO são utilizadas no controle dos estímulos luminosos incidentes no olho durante a captura do ciclo pupilométrico.

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Changes in pupil reaction to light in Alzheimer’s disease patients: a preliminary report

Cited by 86 publications

References 37 publications

Ocular Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

Ocular Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis?

Pupilometria Aplicada À Doença De Alzheimer

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