Changes in Psychological State and Self-Reported Diet During Various Phases of Training in Competitive Bodybuilders

Newton, Laura; Hunter, Gary; Bammon, Mark; Roney, Robin

doi:10.1519/1533-4287(1993)007<0153:cipsas>2.3.co;2

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Weight loss removed this "iceberg" profile by lowering the positive mood state of vigour and increasing the negative mood states of tension, anger, and fatigue ( Table 2). Our data are in agreement with those of Newton et al [36] in competitive bodybuilders. However, the effects of energy restriction on mood in Table 4 Mean values (SE) for chemistry parameters for diet (Group A) and control groups (Group B) at T 1 (weight maintenance), the morning of the competition (after a 7-d food restriction for the Group A) (T 2 ) and at T 3 (at the end of the simulated competition)…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Food Restriction, Performance, Biochemical, Psychological, and Endocrine Changes in Judo Athletes

et al. 2006

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In order to test the hypothesis that dietary restriction may have a negative influence on physiological and psychological adaptation to a judo competition, we examined the effects of weight loss induced by restricting energy and fluid intake on the physiology, psychology, and physical performance of judo athletes. Twenty male judoka were randomly assigned to one of two groups (Group A: called diet, n = 10; height 174.8 +/- 1.9 cm, body weight 75.9 +/- 3.1 kg; they were asked to lose approximately 5 % of their body weight through self-determined means during the week before the competition; Group B: called control, n = 10; height 176.4 +/- 1.1 cm, body weight 73.3 +/- 6.3 kg maintained their body weight during the week before the competition). A battery of tests was performed during a baseline period (T1), on the morning of a simulated competition (T2) and 10 min after the end of the competition (T3). The test battery included assessment for body composition, performance tests, evaluation of mood, determination of metabolic and hormonal responses. Dietary data were collected using a 7-day diet record. The nutrient analysis indicated that all the athletes followed a low carbohydrate diet whatever the period of the investigation. For the Group A, the food restriction (- 4 MJ per day) resulted in significant decreases of the body weight and altered the mood by increasing Fatigue, Tension and decreasing Vigour. Dietary restriction had also a significant influence on metabolic and endocrine parameters and was associated with poor performance. After the competition, significant decreases of the levels in testosterone, T/C ratio, alkali reserve, and free fatty acid were observed in both groups, whereas the plasma concentrations in insulin, ammonia, urea, and uric acid were increased. In conclusion, our results suggest that the combination of energy restriction and intense exercise training, which causes weight reduction before a competition, adversely affects the physiology and psychology of judo athletes and impairs physical performance before the competition. Our data are the first to demonstrate that a competition including five 5-min bouts induced the same changes of physiological and psychological variables and performance whatever the dietary intake (dietary restriction or not) during the seven days before the competition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Food Restriction, Performance, Biochemical, Psychological, and Endocrine Changes in Judo Athletes

et al. 2006

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“…However, weight loss eliminated this profile by lowering the positive mood state of vigor and increasing the negative mood states of tension, anger, fatigue and confusion. Our data are in agreement with those of Newton et al [31] and Steen et al [38] in competitive bodybuilders or in wrestlers. These modifications noted in the POMS tend to mirror the changes that occur when athletes overtrain [30].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Food Restriction, Performance, Psychological State and Lipid Values in Judo Athletes

Filaire

Maso²,

Degoutte³

et al. 2001

Int J Sports Med

154

145

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Dietary intake, plasma lipids, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels, anthropometric measurements and anaerobic performance were studied in eleven judo athletes during a period of weight maintenance (T1) and after a 7d food restriction (T2). Dietary data were collected using a 7-day diet record. Nutrient analysis indicated that these athletes followed a low carbohydrate diet whatever the period of the investigation. Moreover, mean micronutrient intakes were below the French recommendations. Food restriction resulted in significant decreases in body weight. In addition, it had significant influence on triglyceride and free fatty acid, although glycerol, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-1 and B did not alter. Left arm strength and 30 s jumping test decreased significantly. The 7 s jumping test was not affected by the food restriction. Regardless of psychological parameters, tension, anger, fatigue and confusion were significantly elevated from T1 to T2; vigor was significantly lower. The data indicated that a 7-day food restriction adversely affects the physiology and psychology of judo athletes and impairs physical performance, possibly due to inadequate carbohydrate and micronutrients.

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“…As a consequence, compromised micronutrient status is often observed in the pre-competition phase among FP athletes (Slater and Phillips, 2011). Calcium, iron, zinc and sodium intakes have been shown to decrease significantly, to less than two-thirds (~ 67%) of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) (Newton et al, 1993;Walberg-Rankin and Gwazdauskas, 1993) in the absence of dietary supplements during the pre-competition phase. These results may be attributed to restricted energy intake combined with the elimination of sodium and dairy products from the diet (Steen, 1991).…”

Section: Nutrient Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, these results identify potential risks for deficiencies in essential nutrients for FP athletes, thereby suppressing the immune function and causing increased susceptibility to illnesses and infections, especially for those engaging in restrictive eating patterns (Sundgot-Borgen and Garthe, 2011). As the majority of studies assessing micronutrient status have also used self-report methods (Ismaeel et al, 2017;Kleiner et al, 1994;Newton et al, 1993;Walberg-Rankin and Gwazdauskas, 1993;Walberg and Johnston, 1991), it is prudent that future measures are clarified using biomarkers in blood or urine samples.…”

Section: Nutrient Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Narrative Review on Female Physique Athletes: The Physiological and Psychological Implications of Weight Management Practices

Alwan

Moss

Elliott‐Sale

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Physique competitions are events in which aesthetic appearance and posing ability are valued above physical performance. Female physique athletes are required to possess high lean body mass and extremely low fat mass in competition. As such, extended periods of reduced energy intake and intensive training regimens are used with acute weight loss practices at the end of the precompetition phase. This represents an increased risk for chronic low energy availability and associated symptoms of relative energy deficiency in sport, compromising both psychological and physiological health. Available literature suggests that a large proportion of female physique athletes report menstrual irregularities (e.g., amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea), which are unlikely to normalize immediately postcompetition. Furthermore, the tendency to reduce intakes of numerous essential micronutrients is prominent among those using restrictive eating patterns. Following competition, reduced resting metabolic rate, and hyperphagia, is also a concern for these female athletes, which can result in frequent weight cycling, distorted body image, and disordered eating/eating disorders. Overall, female physique athletes are an understudied population, and the need for more robust studies to detect low energy availability and associated health effects is warranted. This narrative review aims to define the natural female physique athlete, explore some of the physiological and psychological implications of weight management practices experienced by female physique athletes, and propose future research directions.

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Changes in Psychological State and Self-Reported Diet During Various Phases of Training in Competitive Bodybuilders

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Food Restriction, Performance, Biochemical, Psychological, and Endocrine Changes in Judo Athletes

Food Restriction, Performance, Biochemical, Psychological, and Endocrine Changes in Judo Athletes

Food Restriction, Performance, Psychological State and Lipid Values in Judo Athletes

A Narrative Review on Female Physique Athletes: The Physiological and Psychological Implications of Weight Management Practices

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