Changes in Plasma Noradrenaline and Adrenaline During Isometric Exercise

Watson, R. Douglas; Littler, W. A.; Bm, Eriksson

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1980.tb00088.x

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The weight lifters showed similar low plasma concentrations of free noradrenaline and adrenaline during cycling at moderate and high load levels (corresponding to 100-250 W), which is in agreement with the observation of only small increases in noradrenaline during isometric exercise (3,23). Low noradrenaline responses during isometric exercise are partly explained by the muscle masses activated during isometric exercising being smaller than those activated in dynamic exercises (23). Since the weight lifters investigated, however, showed low noradrenaline levels similar to those of the endurance-trained cyclists during dynamic exercise, and both groups showed lower levels than the untrained control subjects (Table 2), the above hypothesis of a muscle-mass-dependent control of noradrenaline release cannot explain lower and similar nor- Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…This is particularly recognizable when trained muscles are working (5,20) and points to the influence of exercising muscles on the vegetative tone. The weight lifters showed similar low plasma concentrations of free noradrenaline and adrenaline during cycling at moderate and high load levels (corresponding to 100-250 W), which is in agreement with the observation of only small increases in noradrenaline during isometric exercise (3,23). Low noradrenaline responses during isometric exercise are partly explained by the muscle masses activated during isometric exercising being smaller than those activated in dynamic exercises (23).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Free Plasma Catecholamines, Heart Rates, Lactate Levels, and Oxygen Uptake in Competition Weight Lifters, Cyclists, and Untrained Control Subjects* **

Lehmann¹,

Keul²

1986

Int J Sports Med

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Responses of free plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were evaluated in 10 competition cyclists, 8 competition weight lifters, and 9 untrained control subjects during exhaustive, incremental cycling. Ergometric performance and oxygen uptake ability were 403 +/- 20 W and 65.8 +/- 4.7 ml X kg-1 for the cyclists, 294 +/- 42 W and 47.2 +/- 4.6 ml for the weight lifters, and 296 +/- 40 W and 46.7 +/- 9.4 ml for the control subjects. At 100- and 150-W levels, noradrenaline was significantly lower in cyclists and weight lifters, and in cyclists also at 200- and 250-W levels, related to the other groups. No significant noradrenaline differences were seen between the three groups at their respective exhaustion levels. Compared with the control subjects, adrenaline responses were lower in cyclists and weight lifters at all identical work loads. The weight lifters showed the lowest levels of all three groups, even at their exhaustion level, which indicates an alteration of the adrenaline-noradrenaline ratio. Dynamically and statically trained subjects exhibit a similar training-related control of sympathetic activity. An increased vagal tone, however, only occurs in conjunction with dynamic endurance training.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Free Plasma Catecholamines, Heart Rates, Lactate Levels, and Oxygen Uptake in Competition Weight Lifters, Cyclists, and Untrained Control Subjects* **

Lehmann¹,

Keul²

1986

Int J Sports Med

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“…Other studies in the isometric handgrip literature examined multiple measures of sympathetic arousal and related the direction and magnitude of the changes (e.g. [4, 7, 39]. The current isometric handgrip experiment also examined the relationship between measures of sympathetic nervous activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of two isometric handgrip protocols on sympathetic arousal in women

Nielsen

Mather

2015

Physiology & Behavior

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Isometric handgrip is commonly used in stress research because the task reliably increases sympathetic arousal. Various handgrip protocols have been used; they vary in handgrip strength, duration of grip, and the number of cycles of handgrip and rest. However, most protocols require the calibration of a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) prior to the handgrip task, which is not always convenient (i.e., in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study). Here, we wanted to test whether two handgrip protocols with different strength, duration and cycle protocols would reliably elicit sympathetic arousal in the absence of calibrating an MVC. Sixty-two healthy naturally cycling women and women on hormonal contraception participated in one of the two isometric handgrip protocols using a hand therapy ball of medium resistance. Women completed one of the following handgrip protocols: 1) 30% of a perceived maximum voluntary contraction for 3 minutes or 2) 3 cycles of maximum voluntary contraction for 18 seconds with one minute rest in between. All handgrip blocks were counterbalanced with a control condition. Sympathetic arousal was measured throughout the session via pupil diameter changes and salivary alpha-amylase. Results indicate that in the absence of calibrating an MVC, the handgrip tasks elicited different changes in sympathetic arousal. Pupil dilation responses increased significantly in the handgrip versus control blocks only in participants in the 18-s protocol. Additionally, more participants exhibited a salivary alpha-amylase response to the handgrip block in the 18-s condition compared to the 3-min condition. Thus, these results suggest that neuroimaging and behavioral studies with isometric handgrip should be able to successfully induce sympathetic nervous activity with the 18-s paradigm, regardless of the handgrip device and the ability to calibrate an MVC.

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“…51 Increases in PNE have been reported by some 7 ' 52 but not all authors. 27 ' 42 Watson et al 26 described a small increase in PNE ( + 17%) after 3 minutes of handgrip that was similar in normal and hypertensive subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Failure of plasma norepinephrine to consistently reflect sympathetic activity in humans.

Floras¹,

Jones²,

Hassan³

et al. 1986

Hypertension

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SUMMARY To determine whether venous plasma norepinephrine concentrations consistently reflect changes in sympathetic nervous activity, the influence of mental arithmetic, static handgrip, and submaximal bicycle exercise on infra-arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma norepinephrine was studied in 51 subjects with untreated essential hypertension (mean age, 46 years; range, 16-69 years). At rest, plasma norepinephrine was unrelated to age or blood pressure. Mental arithmetic increased mean arterial pressure from 108 ± 18 to 127 ± 18 mm Hg (mean ± S.D.; p<0.001) and heart rate from 69 ± 7 to 93 ± 13 beats/min (p<0.001) but not plasma norepinephrine (547 ± 297 to 518 ± 250 pg/ml). Isometric exercise raised mean arterial pressure from 115 ± 18 to 148 ± 21 mm Hg (p<0.001) and heart rate from 76 ± 9 to 95 ± 13 beats/min (p<0.001) but not plasma norepinephrine (683 ± 253 to 741 ± 253 pg/ml). Bicycle exercise increased mean arterial pressure from 114 ± 20 to 146 ± 26 mm Hg (p< 0.001), heart rate from 77 ± 9 to 128 ± 19 beats/min (p< 0.001), and plasma norepinephrine from 645 ± 228 to 1151 ± 462 pg/ml (p<0.001). Both the maximum mean arterial pressure and the peak heart rate attained during bicycle exercise were related to the exercise plasma norepinephrine level (r = 0.33, p<0.02 and r=0.28, p<0.03, respectively). Increases in plasma norepinephrine with exercise were not greater in older or more hypertensive subjects. In fact, the relative rise in mean arterial pressure and the absolute increase in plasma norepinephrine during cycling were greater in those with lower resting blood pressures. As only bicycle exerdse increased plasma norepinephrine, and as there was no direct relationship between plasma norepinephrine and arterial blood pressure in subjects studied supine, seated, and during these three activities, we conclude that plasma norepinephrine concentrations do not consistently reflect variations in sympathetic neuronal activity and therefore are relatively insensitive measures of sympathetic tone in humans. Received March 25, 1985; accepted January 21, 1986. Norepinephrine concentration in the venous drainage of an organ is also proportional to the rate of stimulation of its nerves. 3 In humans, physical and emotional stimuli that increase blood pressure and heart rate (HR) also increase PNE. "7 Conversely, concentrations of this catecholamine may be reduced in subjects with autonomic nervous dysfunction 8 or lowered by drugs that interfere with the action of the sympathetic nervous system. 9 Watson et al., 6 who recorded PNE and blood pressure in hypertensive subjects while they slept, lay quietly, woke, stood, walked, and cycled, described a log-linear relationship between PNE and systolic blood pressure during these activities, which suggests that PNE concentrations indeed reflect changes in sympathetic activity.Although increases in PNE with exertion may be greater in some subjects with essential hypertension, 10

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Changes in Plasma Noradrenaline and Adrenaline During Isometric Exercise

Cited by 25 publications

References 11 publications

Free Plasma Catecholamines, Heart Rates, Lactate Levels, and Oxygen Uptake in Competition Weight Lifters, Cyclists, and Untrained Control Subjects* **

Free Plasma Catecholamines, Heart Rates, Lactate Levels, and Oxygen Uptake in Competition Weight Lifters, Cyclists, and Untrained Control Subjects* **

Comparison of two isometric handgrip protocols on sympathetic arousal in women

Failure of plasma norepinephrine to consistently reflect sympathetic activity in humans.

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