CHANGES IN pH OF ALBUMEN AND YOLK IN THE COURSE OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT UNDER NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION

Romanoff, Alexis L.; Romanoff, Anastasia J.

doi:10.2307/1537038

Cited by 11 publications

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“…In contrast to these changes in the albumen the pH of the yolk increases progressively from a value of about 6 at the beginning of the period of incubation to a maximum of about 7.5 at day 14 (Romanoff & Romanoff, 1929, 1933. There is then a tendency for the pH of the yolk to fall and the yolk that is retained within the abdomen of the newly hatched chick is slightly acidic (Romanoff & Romanoff, 1933 ;Dawes, unpublished).…”

Section: (I) P H Changes In Albumen Yolk and Subgerminal Jeuidmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…When the fertile egg is incubated at a standard temperature of 38 "C there is a rapid increase in the pH of the albumen to a value of about 9 within a period of 2 days (Sharp & Powell, 1931; Romanoff & Romanoff, 1929, 1933; Sadler, Wilgus & Buss, 1954); The albumen then becomes less alkaline and it is nearly neutral by the end of the second week (Aggazzotti, 1913 ;Gueylard & Portier, 1925;Wladimiroff, 1926; Shklyar, 1 9 3 7~) .…”

Section: (I) P H Changes In Albumen Yolk and Subgerminal Jeuidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rise in the pH of the albumen which occurs at the start of incubation can be attributed to a loss of carbon dioxide from the egg, and is presumably independent of embryonic factors since there is a change of similar magnitude in the pH of the albumen of the infertile incubated egg (Sharp & Powell, 1931 ;Romanoff & Romanoff, 1929, 1933. It is therefore interesting to speculate that the mechanisms which bring about the thinning of egg white in the infertile egg also come into operation during the earlier stages of embryonic development.…”

Section: (I) P H Changes In Albumen Yolk and Subgerminal Jeuidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is therefore interesting to speculate that the mechanisms which bring about the thinning of egg white in the infertile egg also come into operation during the earlier stages of embryonic development. However, apart from a few qualitative observations almost nothing is known of the changes which occur in the various layers of the albumen of the fertile incubated egg; it has been stated that these layers disappear as soon as the egg is incubated (Romanoff & Romanoff, 1929) and that the administration of carbon dioxide during the first 2 days of incubation retards the breakdown of the chalazipherous layer and increases the proportion of thick white (Sadler et al, 1954). As in the infertile egg, there is a transfer of water from the albumen into the yolk, but whereas in the infertile egg this water becomes distributed throughout the yolk, in the fertile egg it is present as a discrete layer which lies directly beneath the blastoderm.…”

Section: (I) P H Changes In Albumen Yolk and Subgerminal Jeuidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The avian embryo develops within a peculiar environment with respect to hydrogen ion concentration. At the beginning of the period of incubation the pH of the albumen may be as high as 9-5, whereas the pH of the yolk may be as low as 6.0 (Romanoff & Romanoff, 1929). As the embryo develops it becomes surrounded by extra-embryonic fluids and the hydrogen ion concentrations of these fluids change continually (Romanoff, 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acid‐base Relationships Within the Avian Egg

Dawes

1975

Biological Reviews

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Summary 1. In the newly laid egg of the domestic fowl the pH values of the albumen and yolk are about 7.6 and 6.0 respectively. 2. When the egg is stored in air there is a loss of carbon dioxide from the albumen and the pH of this fluid rises to a maximum value of about 9.5. A large proportion of the carbon dioxide which remains in the albumen is in the form of carbonate. 3. In the fertile incubated egg the pH of the albumen attains a maximum value within a period of about 2 days; the albumen then becomes less alkaline and it is nearly neutral by the end of the second week. The increasing acidity of the albumen can be attributed to (a) the secretion of hydrogen ions by the blastoderm and (b) the output of carbon dioxide by developing tissues. 4. During the first 2 weeks of incubation the pH of the yolk progressively increases to a maximum value of about 7.5: there is then a tendency for the pH of this fluid to fall and the yolk that is retained within the body of the hatched chick is slightly acidic. 5. The embryo may never come into direct contact with either the albumen or the yolk when the pH of these fluids are high and low respectively. At the beginning of embryonic development the blastoderm is separated from the albumen by the vitelline membrane and from the yolk by a layer of subgerminal fluid with a maximum pH of about 7.8. The vitelline membrane ruptures on day 4 but by this time the embryo is bathed in amniotic fluid with a pH of about 7.5. 6. The pH of amniotic fluid falls from a maximum value of about 7.5 during week I to a minimum value of about 6.5 during week 2. Amniotic fluid is a simple solution of salts until day 12; albumen then begins to flow into the amniotic cavity and the buffering capacity of amniotic fluid increases. 7. The principal end‐product of nitrogenous metabolism in the chick embryo is uric acid and about 100 mg of this substance are deposited within the allantoic cavity. The pH of allantoic fluid may exceed 7.5 during week 1 but falls to 6.0 or below after day 13. 8. The tension of carbon dioxide within the egg is determined by the ratio of the rate of carbon dioxide production by the embryo to the permeability of the shell towards carbon dioxide. For the greater part of the period of incubation the permeability of the shell towards carbon dioxide is constant. Thus, as the carbon dioxide output of the embryo increases, the carbon dioxide tension within the egg rises. 9. The pH of the blood can be defined in terms of the ratio of the bicarbonate concentration to the carbon dioxide tension. There is a progressive increase in the carbon dioxide tension of the blood during the period of incubation but the pH is maintained at about 7.4 by an increase in bicarbonate concentration. 10. Part of the increase in bicarbonate is due to the removal of hydrogen ions from carbonic acid by haemoglobin. There is also a large influx of bicarbonate into the blood, but the source of this bicarbonate is not known; the evidence that renal mechanisms are involved is inconclusive and it is probable tha...

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Section: (I) P H Changes In Albumen Yolk and Subgerminal Jeuidmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: (I) P H Changes In Albumen Yolk and Subgerminal Jeuidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (I) P H Changes In Albumen Yolk and Subgerminal Jeuidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (I) P H Changes In Albumen Yolk and Subgerminal Jeuidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acid‐base Relationships Within the Avian Egg

Dawes

1975

Biological Reviews

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Gross assimilation of yolk and albumen in the development of the egg of gallus domesticus

Romanoff

1933

Anat. Rec.

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Experiment Station, Ithaca, New Y o r k FOUR FIGURESThe most important constituents of the bird's egg are yolk and albumen. They furnish almost all the necessary food to the developing embryo throughout the entire period of incubation, and a considerable portion of yolk is used after the bird has been hatched. Therefore, it is generally assumed that during the incubation of the bird's egg the gross assimilation of the yolk and albumen is directly proportional tci the growth of the embryo and to the exercitation of energy by the developing embryo.

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Uptake, Deposition, and Metabolism of Triphenyl Phosphate in Embryonated Eggs and Chicks of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

Marteinson

Guigueno

Fernie

et al. 2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The toxicokinetics of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in vivo including the uptake, deposition, and biotransformation into the metabolite diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is presently reported in embryonated eggs and chicks of Japanese quail. Quail were dosed with TPHP at 3 concentrations by air cell egg injection on embryonic day 0, followed by daily oral dosing after chicks hatched (5 d). Vehicle‐only exposed controls were also used. In dosed eggs, only 33% of the TPHP remained 2 d after injection (no hepatic development); after 10 d (post‐hepatogenesis), only 2% remained. The estimated TPHP half‐lives in the eggs ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 d for the 3 dosed groups. In all exposed eggs and chicks, DPHP significantly increased with dose (0.001 < p < 0.044). It appears that DPHP is an important metabolite in quail, making up 41 to 74% of all metabolites formed in embryonated eggs. In chicks, at medium and high doses, DPHP concentrations significantly exceeded those of TPHP (p ≤ 0.007), making up 67 and 76% of the total burden, respectively. Our findings suggest that rapid TPHP metabolism occurred in chicks and embryonated quail eggs but that this may vary with the age of the embryonated egg and the stage of embryo development, which should be considered when evaluating concentrations of TPHP and DPHP measured in eggs of wild birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:565–573. © 2019 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry © 2019 SETAC

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CHANGES IN pH OF ALBUMEN AND YOLK IN THE COURSE OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT UNDER NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Acid‐base Relationships Within the Avian Egg

Acid‐base Relationships Within the Avian Egg

Gross assimilation of yolk and albumen in the development of the egg of gallus domesticus

Uptake, Deposition, and Metabolism of Triphenyl Phosphate in Embryonated Eggs and Chicks of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

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