Changes in penile volume during some cardiovascular reflexes and reactions in rabbit

Sjöstrand, Nils O.; Klinge, Erik

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06406.x

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Furthermore, the contents of ACh and NA equal those in the rps of ox and sheep, and the average molar ratio ACh:NA in the caprine rp is the same as in the ovine rp (Klinge & Sjostrand 1977b). The higher NA content in the rp of old goats agrees with findings in the smooth muscle of the internal male sex organs of rodents, where a postpubertal increase in the density of the adrenergic innervation constitutes the main explanation of the phenomenon (Sjostrand & Swedin 1976). A considerable portion of the excitatory innervation of the caprine rp reaches it via the hypogastric and the pelvic nerves.…”

Section: Content Of Noradrenaline and Acetylcholinesupporting

confidence: 78%

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Nervous regulation of the tone of the retractor penis muscle in the goat

Sjöstrand

Beckett

Klinge

1993

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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The nervous control of the retractor penis muscle (rp) was investigated in the anaesthetized goat. Also, isolated field stimulated strips of the muscle were studied. The noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh) content of the rp was determined, and histochemistry for adrenergic and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive nerves was performed. The muscle exhibited spontaneous activity that persisted after section of all nerves. There was, however, also a tendency of the activity to follow the general vasomotor tone, which disappeared after section of the sympathetic chains. The excitatory adrenergic nerves which innervate the muscle come from the sympathetic chains and run along the pudendal, the hypogastric and the pelvic nerves. The rp has a dense network of adrenergic fibres and is very sensitive to excitatory adrenergic stimulation. It has a fairly large NA content, which is higher in old goats (5.95 +/- 0.42 micrograms g-1) than in young goats (2.87 +/- 0.78 micrograms g-1). Inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) innervation reaches it via the pelvic and the hypogastric nerves. The maximum inhibitory response is reached at low frequencies (2-4 Hz). Cholinergic prejunctional inhibition of the excitatory response to sympathetic chain stimulation was effected by simultaneous stimulation of the hypogastric nerves. In vitro experiments confirmed the presence of endogenous cholinergic muscarinic suppression of the excitatory adrenergic neurotransmission. Significant amounts of ACh (0.81 +/- 0.18 micrograms g-1) are present in the muscle, and it contains strongly AChE positive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies. It is concluded that the goat rp is innervated by sympathetic adrenergic excitatory nerves and parasympathetic NANC inhibitory nerves. It further has a direct sympathetic inhibitory NANC innervation, and an indirect inhibitory cholinergic innervation which at least in part is sympathetic.

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Section: Content Of Noradrenaline and Acetylcholinesupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Pooled samples (0.5-0.9 g) from two or three goats were used. NA was extracted from 0.2-0.3 g of tissue taken from the middle part of the rp, absorbed and eluted as described by Sjostrand & Swedin (1976) and determined with the trihydroxyindole method according to Chang (1964).…”

Section: E T H O D Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Nervous regulation of the tone of the retractor penis muscle in the goat

Sjöstrand

Beckett

Klinge

1993

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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“…The rabbit, having a penis rather similar to that of man (Fujimoto & Takeshige 197% was chosen as experimental animal. A preliminary account of the results has been presented (Sjostrand & Klinge 1978). N .…”

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confidence: 99%

Principal mechanisms controlling penile retraction and protrusion in rabbits

Sjöstrand

Klinge

1979

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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119

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The effects on penile volume of nerve stimulations and drugs injected into the systemic circulation were studied plethysmographically. Dilator responses at selective perfusion of the penile artery were studied by measuring the perfusion pressure. The main results and conclusions are: The penis has an adrenergic vasoconstrictor supply coming from the sacrococcygeal parts of the sympathetic chains. A very low (0.2 Hz) vasomotor tone keeps the penis relaxed. If this tone is interrupted the penis will protrude but autoregulation will soon take over and eventually produce hyperinvolution of the penis. Two vasodilator paths, both with pelvic ganglionic relays, were found. 1) The pelvic parasympathetic nerves, probably having mainly non-cholinergic postganglionic neurons and operating quite effectively at low frequencies. 2) The sympathetic hypogastric nerves, presumably having at least partly cholinergic postganglionic neurons which, apart from muscarinic dilation of minute inflow resistance vessels to the erectile tissue, may also work by suppression of excitatory adrenergic neurotransmission. The pelvic and hypogastric vasodilator outflows work synergistically. The vasoconstrictor nerves are very strong and efficient antagonists of the vasodilator nerves.

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“…The same author reported similar experiments in the rabbit 13 years later [9]. Since then, similar neurourologic experiments have been described in dogs [2,7,11,12,17], monkeys [14], cats [6,10,15,16], rabbits [18][19][20], and rats [3,4,21].Animal studies are necessary for an understanding of the neurophysiology of the lower genitourinary tract and for assessment of the effect of different types of treatment. In recent years, ethical and financial considerations have reduced the number of such studies.…”

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confidence: 74%

The rabbit as a model for neurourologic studies of the lower genitourinary tract

et al. 1990

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Summary. We evaluated the rabbit as an animal model for the elucidation of the neurophysiology of erection, ejaculation, and bladder function. In 24 rabbits, stimulation of the hypogastric nerves resulted in penile tumescence and contraction of the seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia. Stimulation of the sympathetic trunks induced contraction of the penis, seminal vesicles, and vasa deferentia. Cavernous nerve stimulation induced penile erection with a mean intracavernous pressure of 113 cm H20. Pelvic nerve stimulation elicited bladder contraction, but the intraluminal pressure was low (mean, 9.6 cm H20 ) in comparison with that in other species. Our resuits indicate that the rabbit may be an appropriate, relatively inexpensive, and readily available model for the study of ejaculatory and erectile systems in man. However, because of anatomic variations, the rabbit bladder appears to be unsuitable for comparative studies in humans.Eckhard [8] first described the application of modern electrophysiologic methods to the penile erectile system of dogs in his classic article of 1863. After dissection, somatic and autonomic nerves were stimulated and the erectile response was recorded. The same author reported similar experiments in the rabbit 13 years later [9]. Since then, similar neurourologic experiments have been described in dogs [2,7,11,12,17], monkeys [14], cats [6,10,15,16], rabbits [18][19][20], and rats [3,4,21].Animal studies are necessary for an understanding of the neurophysiology of the lower genitourinary tract and for assessment of the effect of different types of treatment. In recent years, ethical and financial considerations have reduced the number of such studies. The rabbit is similar to the rat in cost and availability, but its greater * This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Sti 96/1 und Sti 96/2-1). ** To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Klinik ftir Urologie, Medizinische Hochschule, Konstanty-Gutschow-Strasse 8, W-3000 Hannover 1, Federal Republic of Germany size offers more ease in dissection and in the recording of biologic effects. We undertook this study to evaluate the rabbit as a possible animal model for the study of the neurophysiology of the lower genitourinary tract. Materials and methodsA total of 24 white New Zealand rabbits weighing 2.8 -3.5 kg were used. After they had been given adequate anesthesia with i.p. pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), the rabbits were placed in a supine position on a heating pad. Anesthesia was maintained with 6.5 mg i.v. bolus injections of pentobarbital as needed, and the rabbits received warm saline i.v. (2 ml/kg-~/h-1). The animals breathed spontaneously. Systemic blood pressure was monitored through a 22-gauge angiocatheter in the left femoral artery.The abdomen was opened by a midline incision. The rectum was double-ligated and severed, and the mesentery of the proximal rectum and distal colon was dissected up to the inferior mesenteric artery. The distal colon was then placed in the upper abdomen. Hypoga...

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Changes in penile volume during some cardiovascular reflexes and reactions in rabbit

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Nervous regulation of the tone of the retractor penis muscle in the goat

Nervous regulation of the tone of the retractor penis muscle in the goat

Principal mechanisms controlling penile retraction and protrusion in rabbits

The rabbit as a model for neurourologic studies of the lower genitourinary tract

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