Changes in Parental Emotional Support and Psychological Control in Early Adulthood

Desjardins, Tracy; Leadbeater, Bonnie J.

doi:10.1177/2167696816666974

Cited by 46 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Work characteristics were assessed using items developed for the V-HYS. Youth listed all jobs held since the last interview on a 24 month-by-month timeline (Desjardins and Leadbeater 2017; Leadbeater and Ames 2017). Youth provided additional information for each job held which were used to create the following work characteristic variables: (1) current employed status (i.e., not employed and employed part-time (0; < 30 h per week), employed full-time (1; ≥ 30 h per week)).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

et al. 2018

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Adolescence and young adulthood is a critical stage when the economic foundations for life-long health are established. To date, there is little consensus as to whether marijuana use is associated with poor educational and occupational success in adulthood. We investigated associations between trajectories of marijuana use from ages 15 to 28 and multiple indicators of economic well-being in young adulthood including achievement levels (i.e., educational attainment and occupational prestige), work characteristics (i.e., full vs part-time employment, hours worked, annual income), financial strain (i.e., debt, trouble paying for necessities, delaying medical attention), and perceived workplace stress. Data were from the Victoria Healthy Youth Survey, a 10-year prospective study of a randomly recruited community sample of 662 youth (48% male; M = 15.5), followed biennially for six assessments. Models adjusted for baseline age, sex, SES, high school grades, heavy drinking, smoking, and internalizing and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. Chronic users (our highest risk class) reported lower levels of educational attainment, lower occupational prestige, lower income, greater debt, and more difficulty paying for medical necessities in young adulthood compared to abstainers. Similarly, increasers also reported lower educational attainment, occupational prestige, and income. Decreasers, who had high early use but quit over time, showed resilience in economic well-being, performing similar to abstainers. Groups did not differ on employment status or perceived workplace stress. The findings indicate that early onset and persistent high or increasingly frequent use of marijuana in the transition from adolescent to young adulthood is associated with risks for achieving educational and occupational success, and subsequently health, in young adulthood.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

et al. 2018

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the second study (with the exception of Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2016) to document the frequency of psychological control in an agerepresentative sample of emerging adults. On average, emerging adults reported similar low levels of maternal and paternal psychological controls (i.e., in between "not like" and "somewhat like" him/her) that accords with previous research using college student samples (i.e., Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2016;Luyckx et al, 2007). Assimilating our findings with this literature, parental psychological control seems relatively stable at low to moderate levels regardless of parent gender and emerging adult age and college status.…”

Section: Descriptive Statistics Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A thorough review of the emerging adulthood literature identified only 15 papers that investigated psychological control to some capacity (e.g., Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2016;Inguglia et al, 2016;Urry et al, 2011). The lack of literature on psychological control in emerging adulthood is problematic considering psychological control is used more prominently by both mothers and fathers with emerging adult children than behavioral control or helicopter parenting (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012) and because it has consistently been linked to emerging adult maladjustment.…”

Section: Psychological Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of literature on psychological control in emerging adulthood is problematic considering psychological control is used more prominently by both mothers and fathers with emerging adult children than behavioral control or helicopter parenting (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012) and because it has consistently been linked to emerging adult maladjustment. Although one study documented parental psychological control declines across emerging adulthood, its negative effects held (Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2016). Altogether, findings across studies show that psychological control is linked to poorer responses to stress (Abaied & Emond, 2013), lower levels of emotion regulation (Manzeske & Stright, 2009), difficulties in identity commitment (Luyckx et al, 2007), dysfunctional levels of dependence and independence (Kins, Soenens, & Beyers, 2012), less attachment (Leondari & Kisseoglou, 2002), greater depression and anxiety (Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2016;Inguglia et al, 2016;Soenens, Vansteenkiste, Luyten, Duriez, & Goosens, 2005), greater internalizing and work stress (Costa, Soenens, Gugliandolo, Cuzzocrea, & Larcan, 2015;Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2016), more problems in the workplace (Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2016), less perceived competence, and problems with establishing vocational identity (Lindell, Campione-Barr, & Killoren, 2017).…”

Section: Psychological Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mind games: Parental psychological control and emerging adults’ adjustment

Faherty

Lowe

Arnett

2019

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

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Although parental psychological control has been consistently linked with negative outcomes in the child and adolescent literature, little is known about how it functions during the developmental time frame of emerging adulthood, which is characterized by increased freedom and instability. Consequently, this study examined the extent to which paternal and maternal psychological controls were directly and indirectly (via self-esteem) related to hallmarks of emerging adult adjustment, notably risky behaviors, life satisfaction, and feelings about adulthood status. Recruited via MTurk, participants were 310 emerging adults ( M age = 25.37; 56% female) across the U.S. who completed an online survey. Results revealed paternal psychological control had a direct effect on risky behaviors and self-esteem, whereas maternal psychological control solely had a direct effect on risky behaviors. Results also indicated indirect effects of paternal psychological control. Increases in paternal psychological control were linked to declines in self-esteem, which in turn was associated with decreased life satisfaction and endorsement of adulthood status. Altogether, findings suggest that even low levels of parental psychological control were linked to detrimental outcomes in an age-representative sample—encompassing the full age range of emerging adulthood from 18 years to 29 years—of emerging adults. Thus, findings contribute to a better understanding of parent–child relationships and the consequences of parental control during the third decade of life, which has important implications for informing parenting strategies across emerging adulthood.

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“…Nearly 20% of the 18-to 25-year-olds endorsed using marijuana in the past month and around 38% of the 18-to 25-year-olds endorsed binge drinking in a 2014 survey (Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2015). Not only does substance use peak at this time, but adjustment experiences during early adulthood have critical implications for an individual's well-being for years to come (Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Perception and Relative Increases in Substance Use Problems in Early Adulthood

Yan

Costello

Allen

2020

Journal of Drug Issues

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This study assessed self-perception as a long-term predictor of relative changes in problems related to alcohol and marijuana use in early adulthood. Self-report questionnaires were completed by a community sample of 124 individuals in the Southeastern United States who were followed longitudinally from age 19 to 27. More problems due to substance use at age 27 were predicted by participants’ negative perceptions of their social acceptance, romantic appeal, and self-worth. Predictions remained after accounting for potential confounds including gender, income, and baseline substance use problems at age 19. Social avoidance and distress in new situations at age 19 mediated the relationship between self-perception and relative changes in substance use problems, such that increases in substance use problems from age 19 to 27 were potentially explainable by the linkage of negative self-perceptions to social avoidance and distress in new situations.

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Changes in Parental Emotional Support and Psychological Control in Early Adulthood

Cited by 46 publications

References 48 publications

Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

Mind games: Parental psychological control and emerging adults’ adjustment

Self-Perception and Relative Increases in Substance Use Problems in Early Adulthood

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