Changes in Outlet Densities Affect Violence Rates

Gruenewald, Paul J.; Remer, Lillian G.

doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00141.x

Cited by 204 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These findings are consistent with a body of research that has shown that the presence and density of alcohol outlets are associated with violent crime in cities with a population 200,000 or greater in the US. 9,10,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] For example, a study in Washington DC found that community-level liquor outlet density was significantly associated with violent crimes, independent of other neighborhood factors including violent crime, and the prevalence of weapons and illicit drugs. 21 Another study in Los Angeles, found that the total liquor outlet density was positively related to the assault rate (one type of violent crime) over the study period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies generally find that off-premise outlets are better predictors of crime than on-premise alcohol outlets. 10,13,19,20 Unlike bars and restaurants, offpremise alcohol outlets can sell alcoholic beverages in large quantities, which can be consumed in uncontrolled environments (e.g., motor vehicles, outside the outlet, and home). 20 In bars and restaurants, servers control how much patrons receive and can stop serving patrons if they appear intoxicated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 This recommendation is consistent with a body of public health research, for example, showing an association between alcohol outlet density and violent crime. [9][10][11][12][13] Despite the recommendations and research, zoning code changes aimed at decreasing alcohol outlet density have not been proposed or successfully incorporated into a rewrite previously in the US. 14,15 Baltimore City leaders in public health, planning, and law were willing to support zoning policy aimed at decreasing alcohol outlets; however, they felt that they needed local evidence to convince leaders in government and constituents across the city about the potential positive health impact of the zoning policy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neighborhood Alcohol Outlets and the Association with Violent Crime in One Mid-Atlantic City: The Implications for Zoning Policy

et al. 2013

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Violent crime such as homicide causes significant excess morbidity and mortality in US urban areas. A health impact assessment (HIA) identified zoning policy related to alcohol outlets as one way to decrease violent crime. The objectives were to determine the relationship between alcohol outlets including off-premise alcohol outlets and violent crime in one urban area to provide local public health evidence to inform a zoning code rewrite. An ecologic analysis of census tracts in Baltimore City was conducted from 2011 to 2012. The data included violent crimes (n=51,942) from 2006 to 2010, licensed alcohol outlets establishments (n=1,327) from 2005 to 2006, and data on neighborhood disadvantage, percent minority, percent occupancy, and drug arrests from 2005 to 2009. Negative binomial regression models were used to determine the relationship between the counts of alcohol outlets and violent crimes controlling for other factors. Spatial correlation was assessed and regression inference adjusted accordingly. Each one-unit increase in the number of alcohol outlets was associated with a 2.2 % increase in the count of violent crimes adjusting for neighborhood disadvantage, percent minority, percent occupancy, drug arrests, and spatial dependence (IRR=1.022, 95 % CI=1.015, 1.028). Off-premise alcohol outlets were significantly associated with violent crime in the adjusted model (IRR= 1.048, 95 % CI=1.035, 1.061). Generating Baltimore-specific estimates of the relationship between alcohol outlets and violent crime has been central to supporting the incorporation of alcohol outlet policies in the zoning code rewrite being conducted in Baltimore City.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neighborhood Alcohol Outlets and the Association with Violent Crime in One Mid-Atlantic City: The Implications for Zoning Policy

et al. 2013

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“…This observation is highly relevant to public health because there is considerable evidence that problems such as intentional injuries (Cunradi et al, 2012;Gruenewald & Remer, 2006;Livingston, 2008Livingston, , 2011Mair et al, 2013;Toomey et al, 2012), road trauma (McMillan et al, 2007;Ponicki et al, 2013), and child abuse and neglect (Freisthler & Weiss, 2008;Freisthler et al, 2007) occur more frequently in areas with more alcohol outlets (Campbell et al, 2009). Exposure to outlets may therefore contribute to health disparities between these racial and ethnic minorities and the White majority population and may be an appropriate target for preventive intervention (Romley et al, 2007).…”

Section: P Revious Studies Have Found That Areas In the Unitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, Ethnicity, and Exposure to Alcohol Outlets

Morrison

Gruenewald

Ponicki

2016

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective:Prior studies suggest that Black and Hispanic minority populations are exposed to greater concentrations of alcohol outlets, potentially contributing to health disparities between these populations and the White majority. We tested the alternative hypothesis that urban economic systems cause outlets to concentrate in low-income areas and, controlling for these effects, lower demand among minority populations leads to fewer outlets. Method: Market potential for alcohol sales, a surrogate for demand, was estimated from survey and census data across census block groups for 50 California cities. Hierarchical Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models then estimated relationships between observed geographic distributions of outlets and the market potential for alcohol, income, population size, and racial and ethnic composition. Results: Market potentials were significantly smaller among lower income Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations. Block groups with greater market potential and lower income had greater concentrations of outlets. When we controlled for these effects, the racial and ethnic group composition of block groups was mostly unrelated to outlet concentrations. Conclusions: Health disparities related to exposure to alcohol outlets are primarily driven by distributions of income and population density across neighborhoods. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 77, 68-76, 2016)

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“…Studies have found associations between the density of alcohol outlets and various alcohol-related health outcomes, suggesting that limiting opportunities to buy alcohol reduces consumption and its adverse effects [26,27]. And limiting underage alcohol access reduces alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health outcomes in youth [28].…”

Section: Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Public Health Approach to Winning the War Against Cancer

et al. 2008

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The "war on cancer" in the United States has been viewed primarily as an effort to develop and disseminate cancer cures, but cancer is far more easily prevented than cured. There are three major approaches to cancer prevention: Primary prevention, through reduction in risk factors and changes to the environment that reduce human exposure to widely-consumed cancer-promoting agents. The most important actions for primary prevention of cancer are those that reduce tobacco use through taxation, smokefreeenvironmentpolicies,advertisingrestrictions,counteradvertising, and cessation programs. The World Health Organization's MPOWER package outlines these actions, each of which covered less than 5% of people in the world in 2007. Similarly, cancer can be prevented by reducing alcohol consumption through policies such as alcohol taxes and limits on alcohol sales, and restoring caloric balance through policies such as creating healthier food environments and engineering the built environment to increase opportunities for physical activity. Vaccination is an effective approach to preventing specific virus-associated cancers, such as using human papillomavirus vaccine to prevent cervical cancer and hepatitis B virus vaccine to prevent hepatocellular cancer. Secondary prevention reduces cancer mortality through screening and early treatment; this approach has been used successfully for breast and cervical cancer but is still underused against colon cancer. Progress can be made in all three approaches to cancer prevention, but will require a greater emphasis on public health programs and public policy. Winning the war on cancer will require a much larger investment in prevention to complement efforts to improve treatment.

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Changes in Outlet Densities Affect Violence Rates

Cited by 204 publications

References 14 publications

Neighborhood Alcohol Outlets and the Association with Violent Crime in One Mid-Atlantic City: The Implications for Zoning Policy

Neighborhood Alcohol Outlets and the Association with Violent Crime in One Mid-Atlantic City: The Implications for Zoning Policy

Race, Ethnicity, and Exposure to Alcohol Outlets

A Public Health Approach to Winning the War Against Cancer

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