Changes in oral microbiota due to orthodontic appliances: a systematic review

Abstract

Background: Oral microbiota has been at the center of cultural attention in recent years. In daily clinical practice, orthodontic appliances may be associated with an increased cariogenic risk and a worsening of preexisting periodontal diseases.Objective: The purpose of this review is to investigate the available evidence regarding the association between orthodontic appliances and changes in the quality and quantity of the oral microbiota.Design: The research included every article published up to October 2017 featuring the keywords ‘Orthodontic appliance* AND (microbiological colonization OR periodontal pathogen* OR Streptococcus mutans OR Lactobacillus spp. OR Candida OR Tannerella forsythia OR Treponema denticola OR Fusobacterium nucleatum OR Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans OR Prevotella intermedia OR Prevotella nigrescens OR Porphyromonas gingivalis)’ and was conducted in the major medical databases. The methodological quality of selected papers was scored using the ‘Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies’ (SBU) method.Results: Orthodontic appliances influence the oral microbiota with an increase in the counts of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. and in the percentage of potentially pathogenic gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions: There is moderate/high evidence regarding the association between orthodontic appliances and changes in the oral microbiota.PROSPERO registration number CRD42018091589.

WITHDRAWN: The effect of removable orthodontic appliances on oral microbiota: systematic review

“…The placement of removable orthodontic appliances creates a favorable environment for the accumulation of microbiota components and food residues, which, in time, may cause caries or exacerbate any pre-existing periodontal disease [10][11][12][13]. The appliances, both xed and removable ones [14,15], may interfere with oral hygiene practice and cover considerable parts of the tooth surfaces, so an increase of the total microbial population as well as an altered micro ora have been reported in relation to orthodontic treatment [16].…”

Effects of the fixed orthodontic therapy on biochemical and microbiological parameters of saliva

“…The side effects of the fixed orthodontic therapy on oral health are described in numerous studies [9,10,11]. The studies report that caries as a complication of fixed orthodontic therapy is present in 2-96% of patients [12,13].…”

Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets

“…Conventional brackets are often used during orthodontic therapy patients with malocclusion. Their complicated construction greatly inhibits oral hygiene, which predisposes to the increased carriage of the microbiota (1). Elastomeric rings bond orthodontic archwires with brackets slots.…”

“…It seems that foreign bodies such as brackets could be a reservoir of yeast and predisposing to develop oral candidosis. Only very few studies have compared Candida prevalence and Candida density in orthodontic patients before, during, and after treatment (1,8). The small number of papers related to this topic and the connection between orthodontic elastomeric rings and oral Candida growth led to this study.…”