Changes in neuroinflammatory markers and microglial density in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the C58/J mouse model of autism

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a diverse group of neurodevelopmental conditions with complex origins. Individuals with ASD present various neurobiological abnormalities, including an altered immune response in the central nervous system and other tissues. Animal models like the C58/J inbred mouse strain are used to study biological characteristics of ASD. This strain is considered an idiopathic autism model because of its demonstrated reduced social preference and repetitive behaviours. Notably, C58/J mice exhibit alterations in dendritic arbour complexity, density and dendritic spines maturation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), but inflammatory‐related changes have not been explored in these mice. In this study, we investigated proinflammatory markers in the hippocampus and PFC of adult male C58/J mice. We discovered elevated levels of interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) in the hippocampus, suggesting increased inflammation, alongside a reduction in the anti‐inflammatory enzyme arginase 1 (ARG1). Conversely, the PFC displayed reduced levels of TNF‐α and MCP‐1. Microglial analysis revealed higher levels of transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119) and increased microglial density in a region‐specific manner of the autistic‐like mice, particularly in the PFC and hippocampus. Additionally, an augmented expression of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 was observed in the hippocampus and PFC of C58/J mice. Microglial morphological analysis shows no evident changes in the hippocampus of mice with autistic‐like behaviours versus wild‐type strain. These region‐specific changes can contribute to modulate processes like inflammation or synaptic pruning in the C58/J mouse model of idiopathic autism.

Transcriptome analysis identifies an ASD-Like phenotype in oligodendrocytes and microglia from C58/J amygdala that is dependent on sex and sociability

“…These findings in the Bulk RNA-Seq data support snRNA-Seq data in FH that pericytes signal to microglia via the proinflammatory Spp1 pathway, while other cell types signal to microglia via the proinflammatory NCAM pathway. Interestingly, a study in adult male C58/J mice revealed increases in microglial density and pro-inflammatory interferon gamma and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in hippocampus, along with reduced levels of the anti-inflammatory enzyme arginase 1 compared to C57BL/6J mice which suggests elevated inflammation [ 134 ]. Our findings in FH raise questions about sex-specific differences in clinical presentation and diagnosis between males and females with ASD.…”