Changes in natural haemolytic complement activity induced by stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

Guardiola, Francisco A.; Saraiva‐Fraga, Miguel; Cuesta, Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.056

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…For example, prolonged exposure to high temperature resulted in an increase and then a decrease in the secretion of skin mucus in yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) (23). Similarly, a significant increase in mucus secretion was detected in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) under acute crowding and anesthetic stress (68). In sea bass, compared with fish in a control group, those exposed to hypersaline conditions secreted more skin mucus with higher contents of cortisol, glucose, and protein (69).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport Stress Induces Skin Innate Immunity Response in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × P. vachellii♂) Through TLR/NLR Signaling Pathways and Regulation of Mucus Secretion

et al. 2021

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The transport of live fish is a necessary step for commercial production. The skin of teleost fish is the first non-specific immune barrier against exogenous stimuli, and it plays an important protective role under transport stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the skin responses to transport stress in hybrid yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × Pseudobagrus vachellii♂) through transcriptome and biochemical analyses. Water samples were collected during a simulated transport treatment. Biochemical indexes and/or gene expression in blood, skin, and mucus in fish in control groups and transport-stress groups (0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 16 h) were assayed. The levels of total ammonia–nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen in the water increased with increasing transport time. Comparison of skin transcriptomes between the control group and the group subjected to 16 h of transport revealed 1547 differentially expressed genes (868 up-regulated and 679 down-regulated). The results of the transcriptome analysis were validated by analyses of the expression levels of selected genes by qRT-PCR. The results indicated that the toll-like receptors and nod-like receptors signaling pathways mediate the skin’s immune response to transport stress: tlr9, mfn2, and ikbke were significantly up-regulated and nfkbia and map3k7cl were significantly down-regulated under transport stress. With increasing transport time, lysozyme activity and the immunoglobulin M content in skin mucus first increased and then decreased. The number of mucous cells peaked at 8 h of transport stress, and then decreased. The mucus cells changed from types II and IV to types I, II, III, and IV. The amounts of red and white blood cells and the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit first increased and then decreased during 16 h of transport stress. Together, the results showed that the skin responds to transport stress by activating the immune signaling pathway and regulating mucus secretion. These findings have important biological significance for selecting strains that tolerate transport, as well as economic significance for optimizing the transport conditions for scaleless fish.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport Stress Induces Skin Innate Immunity Response in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × P. vachellii♂) Through TLR/NLR Signaling Pathways and Regulation of Mucus Secretion

et al. 2021

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“…It was previously demonstrated that MS222 induced an avoidance behavior in Danio rerio and Oryzias latipes (Readman et al, 2013, 2017), affected the natural cytotoxicity activity of head kidney leucocytes in S. aurata (Cuesta et al, 2003), and upregulated gill osmoregulatory genes in Salmo salar (Chance et al, 2018). On the other hand, CO has been shown to induce changes in some hematological parameters in Carassius auratus (Abdolazizi et al, 2011), enhance several skin mucosal immune parameters in Oncorhynchus mykiss (Soltanian et al, 2018) and induce the activity of serum and skin mucus natural hemolytic complement in S. aurata (Guardiola et al, 2018). However, the potential side effects of these anesthetic compounds on fish are not completely clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport and Recovery of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.) Sedated With Clove Oil and MS222: Effects on Oxidative Stress Status

et al. 2019

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The use of anesthesia is a common practice in aquaculture to sedate fish and mitigate handling stress. Although the employ of anesthesia is considered beneficial for fish, as it reduces stress and improves welfare, at the same time it may induce hazardous side-effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of clove oil (CO) and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222), two of the most used anesthetics, on several oxidative stress related parameters in gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata ), as these types of effects of anesthetics have been seldom investigated. To assess these effects, S. aurata juveniles were placed in a setup of mobile water tanks and were transported during 6 h with either 2.5 mg/L CO or 5 mg/L MS222. After transport, half of the fish were sampled, whereas the remaining fish were transferred to tanks without anesthetics where they were allowed to recover for 18 h before sampling. Changes in the expression levels of several target genes related with the antioxidant response and cell-tissue repair were evaluated in the gills, liver and brain. Those transcripts included glutathione peroxidase 1 ( gpx1 ), catalase ( cat ), glutathione S-transferase 3 ( gst3 ), glutathione reductase ( gr ), superoxide dismutase [Zn] ( sod2 ), heat shock protein-70 ( hsp70 ), and metallothionein ( mt ). Antioxidant enzymatic activities glutathione S-transferase, GST; catalase, CAT; and glutathione reductase, GR, levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (non-protein thiols – NPT), and pro-oxidative damage, assessed as lipid peroxidation (LPO), were determined in gills, liver and brain. Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was determined in plasma, gills, brain, muscle and heart as an indicator of neuro-muscular alterations. In plasma, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative status (TOS) were also measured. Results showed that the use of both anesthetic agents, CO and MS222, interferes with fish antioxidant status. All tested biological matrices displayed alterations in antioxidant endpoints, confirming that these substances, although minimizing the effects of transport stress, may have long term effects on fish defenses. This result is of high relevance to aquaculture considering that the oxidative stress, may increase the susceptibility to different environmental or biotic stress and different types of pathologies.

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“…Non-specific enzymes ALT, ALP, LDH, and CK are plasma indicators that may provide important information on fish health status, whose elevated levels in blood may indicate tissue damage in many organs including liver, muscle, spleen and kidney (Peres et al, 2013;Guardiola et al, 2018;Parma et al, 2020). Under current experimental conditions, ALT levels dropped after stress exposure and also continued to decrease after recovery time in all the treatments.…”

Section: Plasma Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Furthermore, plasma electrolytes are indicators of the secondary phase of stress response in fish, providing an indirect indication of altered plasma cortisol levels (Peres et al, 2014). Although fish may absorb some inorganic nutrients from the aquatic environment, when starvation or elevated stocking density occurs, a significant reduction in plasma phosphorus and calcium levels take place, confirming their importance as a general indicator of stress in fish (Lall, 2002;Hrubec and Smith, 2010;Guardiola et al, 2018). In this study, plasmatic calcium levels tended to increase after confinement stress and return to basal values at 24 h after stress in all dietary groups.…”

Section: Plasma Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Fish Meal and Fish Oil Dietary Levels in European Sea Bass: Welfare Implications After Acute Confinement Stress

et al. 2022

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To provide practical feeding management guidelines preceding a stressful episode during farming practices, European sea bass juveniles (initial weight: 72.3 g) were fed for 60-days different fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) dietary levels [high (30% FM, 15% FO, FM30/FO15), intermediate (20% FM, 7% FO, FM20/FO7), and low (10% FM, 3% FO, FM10/FO3)] in triplicate conditions. Fish were then fasted for 36 h and exposed to a 2-h acute crowding (80 kg m–3 biomass). Plasma biochemistry, skin mucus parameters and gene expression of stress and immune-related genes were performed before, at 2 and 24 h after crowding. At the end of the trial, the FM10/FO3 group showed lower final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate compared to the other treatments. Most of the plasma parameters were mainly affected by crowding condition rather than diet; however, after stress, lactate was higher in the FM30/FO15 group compared to the other treatments. Similarly, protease, antiprotease, peroxidase and lysozyme in skin mucus were mostly affected by crowding conditions, while fish fed FM10/FO3 displayed higher skin mucosal IgM and bactericidal activity against Vibrio anguillarum and V. harveyi. Most of the stress-related genes considered (hsp70 and gr-1 in the brain; hsp70, gr-1 and gr-2 in the head kidney), showed an overall expression pattern that increased over time after stress, in addition, hsp70 in the head kidney was also up-regulated in fish fed FM30/FO15 after stress. Higher plasmatic lactate together with the up-regulation of some stress-related transcripts suggest a higher reactivity to acute crowding of the stress-response mechanism in fish fed high FM and FO dietary levels. Otherwise, the higher skin mucosal IgM and bactericidal activity observed in fish fed FM10/FO3 dietary levels seems to indicate that acute crowding was able to activate a higher pro-inflammatory response in this treatment. Overall, the results of the present study seem to indicate that 10% FM and 3% FO dietary levels might affect stress and immune responses.

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Changes in natural haemolytic complement activity induced by stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

Cited by 20 publications

References 40 publications

Transport Stress Induces Skin Innate Immunity Response in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × P. vachellii♂) Through TLR/NLR Signaling Pathways and Regulation of Mucus Secretion

Transport Stress Induces Skin Innate Immunity Response in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × P. vachellii♂) Through TLR/NLR Signaling Pathways and Regulation of Mucus Secretion

Transport and Recovery of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.) Sedated With Clove Oil and MS222: Effects on Oxidative Stress Status

Different Fish Meal and Fish Oil Dietary Levels in European Sea Bass: Welfare Implications After Acute Confinement Stress

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