Changes in Mineral Composition of Rat Lenses with Galactose Cataract*

Salit, Peter Waldemar; Swan, Kenneth C.; Paul, W. D.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(42)91865-8

Cited by 26 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Richter (230) offered various carbohydrates as the sole diet to rats and found that their appetite was least for, and the survival time shortest with, lactose and galactose. The lenticular changes produced by galactose in rats are said to be similar to those in senile human cataract (236). They confirmed the protective action of protein, an effect also noted by Yudkin & Geer (235).…”

Section: (Vi) Vitamin Esupporting

confidence: 80%

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Kon

1943

Journal of Dairy Research

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Reviews of the progress of dairy science Thompson (30). Simple rapid methods for the measurement of the yellow colour of milk by means of a 'lactochrometer'(3i) and of carotene in butter fat by visual comparison with potassium bichromate standards (32) have been described. Effern(33) has applied the reaction of Rosenthal & Erdely(34) to the photometric estimation of vitamin A in butter, but the value of this method is not proven and the calculations are open to criticism.In previous reviews (35,36,37) papers dealing with the apparently abnormal behaviour of vitamin A and carotene in butter were discussed, but evidence is now growing that the vitamin A . activity of milk or butter calculated from proper chemical and physical measurements of vitamin A and carotene agrees with results of biological assay (25,38). The recent results of Fraps et al. {39) correcting their earlier findings also point in the same direction, while Shrewsbury & Kraybill(40) now report that carotene dissolved in butter fat devoid of vitamin A activity has the same availability for rats as when dissolved in cotton-seed or maize oil. On the other hand, Koehn(27,28) is still of the opinion that the factor for converting colorimetric readings into international units of vitamin A is appreciably higher for milk than for cod-liver oil.Normally the fat-soluble pigment of milk consists mostly of /? carotene and the ratio of 94 % j8 carotene and 6 % xanthophylls put forward by Gillam(4i) has been generally accepted. It has been known, however, for some time that the exact proportions vary according to the composition of the carotenoids in the fodder of the cow(37). More recent work in which the analysis was done by chromatography instead of by phase separation indicates that even in normal milk the contribution of /3 carotene may be smaller than hitherto believed, while special feeding of the cow may result in the appearance in the milk of much inactive carotenoid. Thus Johnson et al. (42,43) found in the butter of cows receiving molasses lucerne silage only 68 % of the total carotenoids in the form of /} carotene, the rest consisting of xanthophylls, 24 %, and 'acidformed' pigments(44), 8 %. Phosphoric acid lucerne silage yielded 65 % ft carotene and a higher proportion, 12 %, of pigments formed by the action of acid. Even pasture butter had 20 % of xanthophyllic pigments, but artefacts were absent and carotene amounted to 80 % (42,43). Similar values for pasture butters are reported by Thompson et aZ.(45) who also observed that Guernsey cows are less selective than Shorthorns and pass into their milk under comparable conditions a larger proportion of inactive carotenoids. This is doubtless another expression of the known peculiarities of carotenoid metabolism of the Channel Island cattle. There are further examples of these peculiarities. Thus, Gillam & Kon(46) showed that the Shorthorn cow effectively excludes lycopene, an isomer of carotene, from her milk, even when large quantities of it are fed in the form of tomato puree. Under similar...

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Section: (Vi) Vitamin Esupporting

confidence: 80%

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Kon

1943

Journal of Dairy Research

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“…With further growth the value probably would level off. SALIT, SWAN • PAUL (1942) reported data which would give a value of 2.47 for 59 mg lenses (over 200 days of age).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sugar cataracts, polyol levels and lens swelling

Patterson¹,

Bunting²

1966

Doc Ophthalmol

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“…Whether or not this corresponds to an alteration in elemental content only in the cataractous area, or throughout the lens, is not known. It has also been documented that the late stage of galactose induced cataract is accompanied by increased levels of calcium in pooled lens samples (Salit et al 1942). We hypothesized that the sudden appearance of the nuclear opacity might be correlated with a sudden increase of calcium which caused aggregation of high molecular weight lens proteins (Jedziniak et al, 1976;Spector & Rothschild, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Initially we had postulated that the late increase in total lens calcium (Salit et al, 1942) was coincident to the formation of nuclear cataract caused by precipitation of nuclear lens proteins by high calcium concentrations (Jedziniak et al, 1976;Spector & Rothschild, 1973). However, large increases in calcium content were seen in both the lens cortex and nucleus, levels 10 times normal, at late stages.…”

Section: Ionic Changes In Galactose-induced Cataractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative microlocalization of diffusible ions in normal and galactose cataractous rat lens by secondary ion mass spectrometry

Burns

File

1986

Journal of Microscopy

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Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a surface analytical technique with high sensitivity for elemental detection and microlocalization capabilities within the micrometre range. Quantitative analysis of epoxy resins and gelatin have been reported (Burns-Bellhorn & File, 1979).We report here the first application of this technique to quantitative microlocalization in the context of a physiological problem-analyses of sodium, potassium and calcium in normal and galactose-induced cataract in rat lens. It is known that during the development of galactose-induced cataract the whole lens content of potassium is decreased, sodium is increased and, in late stages, calcium concentration increases. Whether these alterations in diffusible ions occur homogeneously or heterogeneously is not known.Standard curves were generated from epoxy resins containing known concentrations of sodium, potassium or calcium organometallic compounds using the Cameca IMS 300 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer. Normal and cataractous lenses were prepared by freezing in isopentane in a liquid nitrogen bath followed by freeze-drying at -30°C. After dry embedding in epoxy resin, 10 pm thick sections of lens were pressure mounted on silicon wafers, overcoated with gold, and ion emission measured under the same instrumental conditions used to obtain the standard curves. Quantitative analysis of an area 27pm in diameter, or a total analysed volume of 1 * 1 pm3, was performed by using a mechanical aperture in the ion optical system. Ion images provided qualitative microanalysis with a lateral resolution of 1 pm.Control rat lenses gave values for sodium and potassium content with a precision of +17% or less. These values were compared to flame photometry and atomic absorption measurements of normal lenses and were accurate within 25%. Analysis of serum and blood also gave accurate and precise measurements of these elements. Normal rat lenses had a gradient of sodium, and, to a lesser degree, of potassium from the cortex to the nucleus.Development of galactose-induced cataract was heterogeneous by morphological criteria, beginning at the lens equator and spreading from the cortex into the nucleus. However, the

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Changes in Mineral Composition of Rat Lenses with Galactose Cataract*

Cited by 26 publications

References 13 publications

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Sugar cataracts, polyol levels and lens swelling

Quantitative microlocalization of diffusible ions in normal and galactose cataractous rat lens by secondary ion mass spectrometry

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