Changes in mineral composition of rabbit corneas after alkali burn

Fischern, Tatjana von; Lorenz, Ulrich J.; Burchard, W.-G.; Reim, Martin; Schrage, Norbert

doi:10.1007/s004170050120

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This could partially explain why controlled ionization solutions rich in zinc, which is known to be a good antioxidant [26,27,28], show the best healing after ocular burn, when compared to rinse solutions that do not contain zinc. The mineral content of the burnt cornea has been published by von Fischern et al [9], who showed that phosphorus, potassium and sulphur were greatly decreased after an alkali burn. A comparison of the mineral content of rinse solutions is summarized in table 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In clinics, practitioners recommend rinsing with isotonic saline solution (0.9% NaCl in sterile water), as both the osmolarity and the mineral content of the rinse solution are important. Indeed, dramatic changes in the corneal mineral content occur after an alkali burn; for example, phosphorus and potassium levels are greatly decreased [9]. Controlled ionization solutions could help to restore and maintain the normal mineral composition of the denuded corneal stroma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular Burn: Rinsing and Healing with Ionic Marine Solutions and Vegetable Oils

et al. 2008

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Purpose: We investigated the effects of various rinsing and healing protocols on corneal wound repair and inflammation following alkali burn in rabbits. Methods: We conducted in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies. First, different rinse solutions were tested in vitro after incubation of ocular cells with methanol or NaOH. Cell viability was then assessed using the neutral red test (cytofluorometry). Second, NaOH was applied to rabbit corneas and associations of rinse solutions (NaCl 0.9% or controlled ionization marine solutions) with N-acetylcysteine or vegetable oils (from Calophyllum inophyllum and Aleurites moluccana) were tested in vivo. The regeneration of the corneal epithelium and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were evaluated using in vivo confocal microscopy and ex vivo histological cuts. Results: The association of a controlled ionization marine solution with 10% C. inophyllum oil and 90% A. moluccana oil induced regeneration of the corneal epithelium and a decrease in inflammatory cells. Conclusions: Irrigation with marine solution followed by treatment with a mixture of C. inophyllum and A. moluccana oils is a promising treatment for ocular burns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Burn: Rinsing and Healing with Ionic Marine Solutions and Vegetable Oils

et al. 2008

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“…5.6 and 5.7). There are about 150 mmol/kg ascorbic acid and about 6 mmoL/kg glutathione, and low contents of about 3.36 mmol/kg dry weight phosphate [3], bicarbonate, and from 2 to 5 mmol/kg lactate within the cornea. The cornea has a global weight of about 5 g, so that its total buffer capacity is exhausted just in case of amounts of less than 0.05 mL highly concentrated solutions and it is the case in all eye burns.…”

Section: Physiology Of Local Decontaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiopathology of the Cornea and Physiopathology of Eye Burns

Schrage

2010

Chemical Ocular Burns

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The barriers of the eye differ from that of skin in dimensions and mucosal organization: there are epithelial cellular barriers made of lipid layers on the eye and dry surfaces made of proteins in the stratified surfaces of the skin. Skin is protected by a superficial outer fatty film, the stratum corneum, and covered by a thick layer of cells, the basal cellular layer. Thanks to these thick layers, skin has a high resistance to initial diffusion of aqueous fluids and less resistance to lipophilic solvents and to acids. The initial chemical cracking of the lipid layer allows fluids to invade deeper layers of the skin. The basal cell layer and the hair follicles contain stem cells capable of epithelial regeneration.The construction of the eye is completely different. The outer layer of this mucosa consists of a tiny tear layer of lipids and water which covers a superficial epithelium closed by double layer lipid membranes of 30-70 nm size interconnected by tight junctions. Three to seven layers of epithelial cells cover the stromal structures of conjunctiva or cornea. The conjunctival surface has interposed cells secreting small amounts of mucin, the so-called goblet cells, which are typically missing within the corneal epithelium. The regeneration of epithelial structures is due to the limbal stem cells located deep in the Vogt's crypts, for the cornea, and to the conjunctival stem cells lying deep in the fornices, for the conjunctiva.The stroma of cornea and conjunctiva consists of connective tissue, which in the conjunctiva is extremely soft, containing superficial and deep vessels on the sclera located in arterial and venous vessels.These vessels end in arcade-like structures at the limbus. The corneal stroma is made of three different main layers that differ in density of collagen and type of packing. The Bowman's membrane of the anterior stroma is part of the basal membrane of the corneal epithelium and accounts for 5% of the thickness of the central 500-600 mm cornea. The corneal stroma consists of highly ordered, horizontally organized and noninterconnected collagen I and X fibrillae that are kept in a hydrated state with a water content of 72-78% and an osmolarity of 420 mOsmol/kg [1].The inner layer of the corneal stroma is a dense membrane of collagen like the basal membrane of the monolayer of corneal endothelium. Descemets membrane is transparent with a thickness varying from 7 to 20 mm, according to the age of the individual. Conjunctiva and cornea host nerve endings of high density in the superficial and basal layers. The cornea at the limbus smoothly changes to sclera with interconnected nontransparent collagen fibrils. Physiological Mechanisms of Decontamination on the EyeIn case of surface contact of fluids with skin, typically nondefatted skin will pearl off the liquids immediately. Defatted skin tends to allow better contact for fluids. The application of soaps or detergents would lessen this initial effect. In contrast to that, the miscibility of

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“…By introducing corrosives onto the cornea, the corneal elemental constitution is severely altered by means of introducing high concentrations of the corrosive. This has been exemplarily shown by von Fischern et al [17]. Mostly, the corneal water content and the corneal electrolyte constitution change after eye burns.…”

Section: Side Effects Of Rinsing Solutions In the Treatment Of Eye Burnsmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…We could prove this by means of Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) [16]. With this method, we have found elevated phosphate contents in the cornea after rinsing one or several times with phosphate buffer [17]. This reflects a situation of introduction of foreign elements in the cornea that are known to cause side effects especially if the chemical reaction leads to precipitation of new and non-organotypic salts.…”

Section: Effect Of Irrigation Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%