“…In parental care, parents should optimise their investment in offspring (Coleman et al ., ; Fox & Czesak, ; Trumbo, ; Kölliker et al ., ; Seidelmann, ). Investment in current offspring is dependent on the parental quality (Molumby, ; Nager et al ., ; Rehan & Richards, ), environmental variables (Strohm & Linsenmair, ; Kim, ; Peterson & Roitberg, , ; Renauld et al ., ; Dew et al ., ; Seidelmann, ), and future breeding possibilities (Gross, ). Parents may also invest in male and female offspring differently (Trivers & Willard, ) depending on the sexual dimorphism of the species (Helms, ).…”