Changes in lifestyle resulting from confinement due to COVID-19 and depressive symptomatology: A cross-sectional a population-based study

Abstract

Background The measures adopted to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in several countries included mobility and social restrictions that produced an immediate impact on the lifestyle of their inhabitants. Methods We assessed the association between the consequences of these measures and depressive symptomatology using a population-based sample of 692 individuals aged 18 or over from an ongoing study in the province of Girona (Catalonia, Spain). Participants responded to a telephone-based survey that included questions related to the consequences of confinement and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess depressive symptomatology. Multivariate logistic and linear regressions were used to identify which changes in lifestyle resulting from confinement were independently associated with a possible depression episode and depressive symptomatology. Results The prevalence of a possible depressive episode during the confinement was 12.7% (95% CI = 10.3–15.4). An adverse work situation, expected economic distress, self-reported worsening of the mental health and of the dietary pattern, and worries about a relative's potential infection were variables related to an increased risk of having a possible depressive episode. The changes in lifestyle accounted for 32% of the variance of the PHQ-9 score. Conclusion The findings indicate an association of the job situation, the expected negative economic consequences, the perceived worsening of health and habits, and the worries about COVID-19 infection with depressive symptomatology during the confinement.

The psychological impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures in the world

“…Validated versions of the tests in the various languages spoken in the seven countries were employed. Moreover, considering previous researches performed on a one-country level, IES-R and DASS-21 were used during COVID-19 research in China ( Hao et al., 2020 ), India ( Chew et al., 2020 ), Vietnam ( Le et al., 2020 ), Singapore ( Tan et al., 2020 ), and Philippines ( Tee et al., 2020 ); MASS was adopted in Italy ( Conversano et al., 2020 ; Baiano et al., 2020 ) and Brazil (Kozasa et al., 2020); PSS10 was used in Brazil (Kozasa et al., 2020), China ( Duan et al., 2020 ; Yan et al., 2020 ) and Colombia ( Pedrozo-Pupo et al., 2020 ); PHQ9 was employed in Greece ( Skapinakis et al., 2020 ), Italy ( Rapisarda et al., 2020 ), Spain ( Garre-Olmo et al., 2021 ) and China ( Yao, 2020 ); Brief-COPE was used in Australia ( Gurvich et al., 2020 ), Greece ( Skapinakis et al., 2020 ), United Kingdom ( Dawson and Golijani-Moghaddam, 2020 ) and USA ( Umucu and Lee, 2020 ).…”

A Rapid Review on the Influence of COVID-19 Lockdown and Quarantine Measures on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the General Population

“…Different sampling approaches were used. Seven studies recruited adults from the general population via community registers [69,75,78,79,82,90,91]. Six studies enrolled adult participants from previous, ongoing studies [32,33,77,80,83,85].…”

COVID-19 lockdown and lifestyles: A narrative review

“…Watching, reading, or listening to the constant stream of COVID-19-related news, perceived health risks 137 , and a perceived lack of autonomy 138 led to increased anxiety among individuals and families in many countries [139][140][141][142][143][144] . The 2020 National Health Interview survey found that US adults were eight times more likely to fit the criteria for serious mental distress during the lockdown as compared to before 145 .…”