“…Pennycuick ( 1971 ) found a similar pattern in Priddy Pool (Somerset, England), where over 78% of young-of-year stickleback were infected within months after hatching. Both of these studies only tracked individual populations, but we know that: (1) different freshwater populations of stickleback exhibit very different S. solidus loads (Pennycuick, 1971 ; Heins and Baker, 2003 , 2011 , 2014 ; Heins et al ., 2010 , 2011 ; Morozińska-Gogol, 2011 ; Weber et al ., 2017 a ), and (2) there can be strong variation in infection intensity within lakes between years (Pennycuick, 1971 ; Heins and Baker, 2011 ).…”