“…Local abiotic conditions and changes from Brachystegia spiciformis to Julbernardia paniculata communities, together with various other woody species, may also infl uence the stand structure and composition of the woodlands . Signs of tree damage caused by fi re, woodcutting, and/or agriculture activity were also documented; this is a stark reminder that fi re frequency, together with other human disturbance, plays a major role in miombo woodland dynamics, aff ecting physical structure, composition of species, and also woodland recovery following disturbance (Chidumayo, 2002;.…”