This paper explores the significance of one private alternative to goverment transfers--namely, direct interfamily giving of cash, food, and housing. Fragmentary evidence suggests that such interfamily transfer was quantitatively more important than governmental transfer for these purposes thirty years ago, but is now only half as great.If current gove~nment transfers are conversions of, or substitutes for, interfamily transfers, then it follows that some of the benefits of government transfer "slide" over to "secondary beneficiaries,"i.e., those who would have made the private transfers. Further, it follows that the effects of government transfers are not much different from those of the private transfers which they replace.