Changes in heart rate during conditioned suppression in rats as a function of US intensity and type of CS.

L, de Toledo

doi:10.1037/h0031872

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In previous studies of concurrent suppression of an operant and of a conditioned HR response in intact rats (DeToledo, 1971;DeToledo & Black, 1966;Parrish, 1967;Roberts & Young, 1971). Bradycardia has been reported as the predominant direction of HR change seen during suppression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The accelerative and decelerative effects discussed above apparently sum algebraically, resulting in the reduced degree of TC (compared to the lever-out condition) seen during the lever-in condition in all subjects. The interaction of these effects complicates the interpretation of studies in which HR responses were measured concurrently with conditioned suppression, such as those by DeToledo (1971), Parrish (1967), and by DeToledo and Black (1966). The effect of activity reduction is probably greater in rats, in which lever pressing usually demands movement of essentially the entire body, than in monkeys, in which only arm or hand movements are required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of septal area damage and base-line activity levels on conditioned heart-rate response in rats.

Duncan¹

1972

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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Unrestrained rats with septal area lesions and nonoperated controls were subjected to Pavlovian heart-rate conditioning with footshook as the US. Experimental rats displayed lower degrees of tachycardia to both the CS and US than did controls, but there were no significant differences in amount of skeletal movement. In a second experiment, control and septaldamaged rats received CS-shock pairings while lever pressing for food, and while not lever pressing. There was no difference in conditioned suppression, but less conditioned tachycardia was again seen in experimental rats, indicating dissociation between the two measures of conditioning. All rats exhibited greater tachycardia during the non-lever-pressing condition, illustrating the effect of base-line activity on conditioned heart-rate responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of septal area damage and base-line activity levels on conditioned heart-rate response in rats.

Duncan¹

1972

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…A number of recent findings involving both positive and negative Pavlovian paradigms seem to undermine the interference hypothesis, at least that version of it that identifies the interfering respondents as autonomic responses. First, it appears that monkeys accelerate their heart rates and increase their blood pressures during stimuli that predict shock (Brady et al, 1969;Kelly, 1971;Stebbins and Smith, 1964;Zeiner, Nathan, and Smith, 1969), while rats (de Toledo, 1971;de Toledo and Black, 1966;Parrish, 1967) and rabbits (Swadlow, Hosking, and Schneiderman, 1971) (1969) showed that after only a few pairings with severe shock, a 3-min auditory CS completely suppressed the variable-interval performances of five monkeys, but had no conditioned effects upon their cardiovascular system. The latter appeared only after extended CS-US pairings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LONG‐TERM PREREWARD SUPPRESSION IN MONKEYS UNACCOMPANIED BY CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONING¹

Kelly¹

1973

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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In Experiment I, a 3-min tone that preceded a free pellet of food suppressed variable-interval performances maintained by the same type of pellets, but failed to elicit conditioned changes in the heart rates and blood pressures of two rhesus monkeys. Initially severe, the prereward suppression became temporally discriminated to progressively later portions of the tone, and was maintained at an attenuated level for over four months. The suppression was apparently not caused by interfering autonomic respondents, nor was it superstitiously conditioned, since 21 of the initial 25 tone-food pairings took place outside of baseline sessions. In Experiment II, a 1-min light, paired with four free pellets of food, suppressed the variable-interval responding of a second pair of similarly trained monkeys. An interresponse-time analysis showed that in one subject, mild prereward suppression of responding developed through two stages. On early trials, response rate slowed by 10% throughout the prefood interval. On later trials, the animal suppressed by pausing for a like portion of the interval, most often near the end, but otherwise responded normally during the prefood signal.Both prereward and preaversive stimuli have now been shown to share the property of suppressing an animal's response rate when superimposed upon certain appetitive schedules. Emotional interpretations of the disruptions occasioned by preshock warning signals have been widely held ever since the expression "conditioned anxiety" was first used by Estes and Skinner (1941) However, what appears common to a number of emotional explanations of operant-respondent interactions is the proposition that suppression of operant behavior is dependent upon some internally conditioned events. For example, in the literature that speaks of preaversive suppression as fear conditioning (Kamin, 1965;McAllister and McAllister, 1971;Miller, 1951), changes in operant responding are never treated as the emotion itself, but rather as overt skeletal by-products of some normally unobserved conditioned physiological response, the latter (coupled with cognitive inferences) defining the real emotion. So described, an emotion is an intervening variable, linking certain antecedent conditions to a behavioral change. In turn, the change, suppression, is viewed as a quantitative index of the inferred emotional state, an eye on hidden events. These internal physiological responses are held to have been incompatible with, hence to have interfered with, the subject's skeletal activities during the preshock stimulus, resulting in a decrease in operant work.A similarly reasoned emotional interference hypothesis has been proposed by Azrin and Hake (1969) to account for the suppressant properties of prereward stimuli. Noting dur-93 1973, 20,[93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104] NUMBER I (JULY)

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“…Several reports suggest that CS characteristics may influence the form of the CR in other conditioning situations as well. For example, DeToledo (1971) found CS intermittency to influence the direction of conditioned heart-rate changes in fear conditioning of rats. And, several investigators (e.g., Black, Carlson, & Solomon, 1962;Dykman, 1967;Konorski, 1967;Smith, 1968) have noted that variations in CS duration and CS-US interval may yield qualitatively different CRs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Conditioned stimulus as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response.

Holland¹

1977

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

452

621

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The role of the conditioned stimulus (CS) as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response (CR) was investigated in five experiments. Both stabilimeter measures of general activity and detailed observations of the behavior of the rat subjects in the presence of CSs anticipatory to a food unconditioned stimulus (US) were obtained. In Experiment 1, substantially different behaviors to light and tone CSs were observed; further, these differences were found to be dependent on specific learning experience rather than on the mere presence of different stimulation at the time of response evocation. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the possibility that there was considerable communality of learning to light and tone CSs despite their evoking different CRs. In Experiment 2, prior conditioning of either the tone or light CS was found to block the acquisition of various behaviors to the added element when a light-tone compound stimulus was reinforced, even though the pretrained stimulus did not itself evoke those behaviors. In Experiment 3, the nature of second-order conditioned responding was found to be similar regardless of which first-order CS was used as the reinforcer. Additionally, the reinforcing powers of the light and tone CSs were found to summate. Experiments 4 and 5 examined behaviors to a variety of visual and auditory stimuli paired with food. Stimulus modality and the localizability and vertical location of visual stimuli were found to influence conditioned responding. These results suggested that in this conditioning situation, similar learning of a CS-US relation may be displayed in different overt CRs, depending on the nature of the CS.

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Changes in heart rate during conditioned suppression in rats as a function of US intensity and type of CS.

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of septal area damage and base-line activity levels on conditioned heart-rate response in rats.

Effect of septal area damage and base-line activity levels on conditioned heart-rate response in rats.

LONG‐TERM PREREWARD SUPPRESSION IN MONKEYS UNACCOMPANIED BY CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONING¹

Conditioned stimulus as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response.

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Changes in heart rate during conditioned suppression in rats as a function of US intensity and type of CS.

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of septal area damage and base-line activity levels on conditioned heart-rate response in rats.

Effect of septal area damage and base-line activity levels on conditioned heart-rate response in rats.

LONG‐TERM PREREWARD SUPPRESSION IN MONKEYS UNACCOMPANIED BY CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONING1

Conditioned stimulus as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response.

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LONG‐TERM PREREWARD SUPPRESSION IN MONKEYS UNACCOMPANIED BY CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONING¹