Changes in Head, Withers, and Pelvis Movement Asymmetry in Lame Horses as a Function of Diagnostic Anesthesia Outcome, Surface and Direction

Marunova, Eva; Hoenecke, Karl; Fiske-Jackson, Andy; Smith, R. K. W.; Bolt, David M.; Perrier, Melanie; Gerdes, Carolin; Hernlund, Elin; Rhodin, Marie; Pfau, Thilo

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104136

Cited by 6 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Furthermore, while the withers asymmetry was reduced in response to the block, the direction of change was opposite to that of the corresponding pelvic asymmetry parameter. Similar findings have been made in a study of horses with a subjectively judged positive response to diagnostic analgesia 19 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Similar findings have been made in a study of horses with a subjectively judged positive response to diagnostic analgesia. 19 We believe these differences observed in head and withers asymmetry pattern could be useful in a clinical setting for distinguishing between true forelimb lameness and compensatory head movement asymmetry originating from a primary hindlimb lameness. 1,2,[4][5][6] To investigate this further, hindlimb lame horses with an absolute value for HDmin >15 mm were selected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Similar results have been reported for horses with a subjectively evaluated positive response to diagnostic analgesia. 19 From a clinical perspective, if a horse shows head movement asymmetry indicative of right forelimb lameness, withers asymmetry also indicating the right forelimb supports the presence of a primary forelimb lameness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Withers vertical movement symmetry is useful for locating the primary lame limb in naturally occurring lameness

Persson‐Sjodin

Hernlund

Pfau

et al. 2023

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundDuring orthopaedic assessment of lame horses, a head nod is commonly present in both primary forelimb and hindlimb lame horses. Additional motion metrics that could assist clinicians in correctly differentiating between these two scenarios would be of great clinical value.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to examine whether withers movement asymmetry can be used in a clinical setting to distinguish primary forelimb lameness from compensatory head movement asymmetry due to primary hindlimb lameness.Study designRetrospective, multicentre study.MethodsMovement asymmetry of head, withers and pelvis was measured using multi‐camera optical motion capture, as part of routine lameness investigations at four European equine hospitals. Vertical movement asymmetry parameters from 317 horses trotting in a straight line were compared before and after successful diagnostic analgesia of a single limb. Descriptive statistics, t‐tests and linear models were used to analyse the data.ResultsIn forelimb lame horses, 80%–81% showed head and withers asymmetry both indicating lameness in the same forelimb. In hindlimb lame horses, 69%–72% showed head asymmetry ipsilateral to the lame hindlimb and withers asymmetry diagonal to the lame hindlimb, thus, head and withers asymmetry indicated lameness in different forelimbs. A large (>15 mm) compensatory head nod was seen in 28%–31% of the hindlimb lame horses. In 89%–92% of these, head and withers asymmetry indicated lameness in different forelimbs. Withers asymmetry decreased linearly with reduced head or pelvic asymmetry for both forelimb and hindlimb lame horses.Main limitationsCompensatory strategies were evaluated on group level to identify common patterns, potentially ignoring uncommon individual strategies.ConclusionsWithers vertical movement asymmetry metrics can be useful in helping to locate the primary lame limb during quantitative lameness assessment. Head and withers movement asymmetry parameters generally indicate the same forelimb in forelimb lame horses, but different forelimbs in hindlimb lame horses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Withers vertical movement symmetry is useful for locating the primary lame limb in naturally occurring lameness

Persson‐Sjodin

Hernlund

Pfau

et al. 2023

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…However, when the same lameness induction method on warmbloods was used, 22 lameness patterns were similar to those seen later in clinical cases with different kinds of pathologies 35 . Second, only one surface type was investigated, which is known to affect kinematics and stride temporal parameters 36 . Finally, only subtle/mild lameness was induced to minimise the discomfort experienced by the horses during this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…35 Second, only one surface type was investigated, which is known to affect kinematics and stride temporal parameters. 36 Finally, only subtle/mild lameness was…”

Section: Walk In-handmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation strategies of the Icelandic horse with induced forelimb lameness at walk, trot and tölt

Smit,

Hernlund,

Persson‐Sjodin

et al. 2023

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background and objectiveLameness assessment in the gaited Icelandic horse is complex. We aimed to describe their kinematic and temporal adaptation strategies in response to forelimb lameness at walk, trot and tölt.Study designIn vivo experiment.MethodsTen clinically non‐lame Icelandic horses were measured before and after reversible forelimb lameness induction. Upper body and limb kinematics were measured using 11 inertial measurement units mounted on the poll, withers, pelvis (tubera sacrale) and all four limbs and hoofs (Equimoves®, 500 Hz). Horses were measured on a straight line at walk and trot in‐hand and at walk, trot and tölt while ridden. Linear mixed models were used to compare baseline and lame conditions (random factor = ‘horse’), and results are presented as the difference in estimated marginal means or percentage of change.ResultsLameness induction significantly (p < 0.05) increased head vertical movement asymmetry at walk (HDmin/HDmaxHAND: 18.8/5.7 mm, HDmin/HDmaxRIDDEN: 9.8/0.3 mm) and trot (HDmin/HDmaxHAND: 18.1/7.8 mm, HDmin/HDmaxRIDDEN: 24.0/9.3 mm). At the tölt, however, HDmin did not change significantly (1.1 mm), but HDmax increased by 11.2 mm (p < 0.05). Furthermore, pelvis vertical movement asymmetry (PDmax) increased by 4.9 mm, sound side dissociation decreased (−8.3%), and sound diagonal dissociation increased (6.5%). Other temporal stride variables were also affected, such as increased stance duration of both forelimbs at walk, tölt and in‐hand trot.Main limitationsOnly one degree of lameness (mild) was induced with an acute lameness model.ConclusionsClassical forelimb lameness metrics, such as vertical head and withers movement asymmetry, were less valuable at tölt compared to walk and trot, except for HDmax. Therefore, it is advised to primarily use the walk and trot to detect and quantify forelimb lameness in the Icelandic horse.

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Terrain Type Detection for Smart Equine Gait Analysis Systems Using Inertial Sensors and Machine Learning

Parmentier,

Bragança,

Hernlund

et al. 2023

2023 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT)

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Lameness, limping due to pain, is a significant welfare issue for horses. Veterinarians typically evaluate horses on two terrain types (hard and soft, e.g., asphalt and sand) that are known to affect the observed degree of lameness based on the origin/location of the pain. In the past years, whole-body inertial measurement units (IMU)-based gait analysis systems were developed to support diagnostics and monitor locomotion changes over time. Movement direction and gait (walk, trot) are automatically labeled, resulting in smart and easy-to-use systems. However, terrain types are not detected, leading to information loss. In this work, we explored terrain classification tasks with equine IMU data and machine and deep learning. Using the data of 111 horses equipped with IMU sensors (withers, pelvis, front, and hind limbs), we compared different features-based (FT) and time-series-based (TS) classifiers (train-test ratio: 0.7-0.3). In order to reduce the computational costs of the future system, we also evaluated the performance (F1 score) of the classifiers with different sampling frequencies (10 to 200Hz) and different IMU combinations (body and limbs). Our Convolutional Neural Network models accurately classified terrain types with only one IMU placed on the front limb. Downsampling the signals led to similar results, thus enabling real-time applications.

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Changes in Head, Withers, and Pelvis Movement Asymmetry in Lame Horses as a Function of Diagnostic Anesthesia Outcome, Surface and Direction

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

Withers vertical movement symmetry is useful for locating the primary lame limb in naturally occurring lameness

Withers vertical movement symmetry is useful for locating the primary lame limb in naturally occurring lameness

Adaptation strategies of the Icelandic horse with induced forelimb lameness at walk, trot and tölt

Terrain Type Detection for Smart Equine Gait Analysis Systems Using Inertial Sensors and Machine Learning

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