Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

Luo, Zhen; Zhang, Xini; Wang, Junqing; Yang, Yang; Xu, Yongxin; Fu, Weijie

doi:10.3390/app9245493

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…After 5 km treadmill running, the ROM of the knee sagittal plane showed a decreasing trend, as well as the sagittal plane of the hip joint during the stance phase of running. Previous studies [ 35 , 36 ] found that the joint ROM increased in a fatigued state, however, our statistical results are not consistent with this observation. This may be due to the large inter-individual variability in the kinematics of running.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Prolonged Running Using Bionic Footwear Influences Lower Limb Biomechanics

et al. 2021

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The running biomechanics of unstable shoes have been well investigated, however, little is known about how traditional neutral shoes in combination with unstable design elements and scientifically (bionic) designed shoes influence prolonged running biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical changes for a typical 5 km run and how footwear technology may affect outcomes. Sixteen healthy male recreational heel strike runners participated in this study, and completed two prolonged running sessions (neutral shoe session and bionic shoe session), with 7 to 10 days interval between sessions. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, shoe × time) was conducted to determine any differences in joint biomechanics. Main effects for shoe type were observed at the ankle, knee and hip joints during the stance phase. In particular, decreased range of motion (ROM) was observed using the bionic shoes for all three joints, and the joint moments also had significant changes except for the frontal plane of the hip. Main effects for time were also observed at the ankle, knee and hip joints. The ROM of the sagittal plane in the knee and hip decreased post-5 km running. The reduction of ankle dorsiflexion, hip flexion, hip adduction and hip internal rotation angles were observed post-5 km running, as well as the increase of ankle eversion and external rotation, knee adduction and internal rotation angles. The kinetics also exhibited significant differences between pre-5 km running and post-5 km running. The interaction effects only existed in the ROM of the hip sagittal plane, hip adduction angle and hip internal rotation angle. The results suggested that bionic shoes could be beneficial for strengthening muscle control, enhancing postural stability and proprioceptive ability. Footwear personalization could be a solution that benefits runners, reduces injury risk and improves running performance.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Prolonged Running Using Bionic Footwear Influences Lower Limb Biomechanics

et al. 2021

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“…Exhaustion during prolonged running inevitably causes neuromuscular fatigue, which further leads to lower limb biomechanical changes [18]. Studies of biomechanical variability in post-fatigued are usually applied to unilateral limbs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Prolonged Running on the Symmetry of Biomechanical Variables of the Lower Limb Joints

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to examine whether there are kinematic and kinetic differences in the lower limb and whether the symmetry of the lower extremities is different after prolonged-running. Fifteen healthy male amateur runners (age: 22 ± 1 years, height: 173 ± 8 cm, mass: 65 ± 7 kg, BMI: 21.62 ± 2 kg/m2) were recruited as participants for this study. A Vicon eight-camera motion capture system and Kistler force plate were used to collect kinematic and kinetic parameters. A motorized treadmill, 15-point Borg scale and heart rate bands were used to monitor fatigue during a running-induced fatigue protocol. Paired sample T tests were used to check statistical difference (p = 0.05) between the lower limbs and the symmetry changes in pre-fatigue and post-fatigue running sessions. The symmetry angle (SA) of the knee flexion angle, hip flexion angle and hip extension angle in post-fatigue was significantly greater than in pre-fatigue, increasing by 4.32%, 10.71%, and 23.12%, respectively. Moreover, the SA of hip flexion moment increased by 2.61%. However, the knee extension velocity and hip flexion velocity became more symmetrical than in pre-fatigue (p < 0.05), the SA decreased by 5.91% and 5.45%, respectively. Differences in limb function during post-fatigue may lead to changes of symmetry in the lower limbs. The variables of asymmetry may be used as a compensation mechanism to maintain gait stability. Physical therapy assessment of fatigue injuries and long-distance running training programs may want to consider the changes in symmetry due to limb dominance.

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“…Long-term and high-intensity running unavoidably induces neuromuscular fatigue, which in turn affects the musculoskeletal system of the lower extremities. Generally, the motion control of the lower extremities decreases after fatigue, which is a major factor for running-related injuries [ 42 , 43 ]. It was expected that fatigue would influence the GRFs by altering the running state of the runners during a prolonged running session.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Reaction Force Differences between Bionic Shoes and Neutral Running Shoes in Recreational Male Runners before and after a 5 km Run

Jiang

Zhou

Quan

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Running-related injuries are common among runners. Recent studies in footwear have shown that designs of shoes can potentially affect sports performance and risk of injury. Bionic shoes combine the functions of barefoot running and foot protection and incorporate traditional unstable structures based on bionic science. The purpose of this study was to investigate ground reaction force (GRF) differences for a 5 km run and how bionic shoes affect GRFs. Sixteen male recreational runners volunteered to participate in this study and finished two 5 km running sessions (a neutral shoe session and a bionic shoe session). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed to determine the differences in GRFs. In the analysis of the footwear conditions of runners, bionic shoes showed significant decreases in vertical impulse, peak propulsive force, propulsive impulse, and contact time, while the braking impulse and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) increased significantly compared to the neutral shoes. Main effects for a 5 km run were also observed at vertical GRFs and anterior–posterior GRFs. The increases of peak vertical impact force, vertical average loading rate (VALR), VILR, peak braking force and braking impulse were observed in post-5 km running trials and a reduction in peak propulsive force and propulsive impulse. The interaction effects existed in VILR and contact time. The results suggest that bionic shoes may benefit runners with decreasing injury risk during running. The findings of the present study may help to understand the effects of footwear design during prolonged running, thereby providing valuable information for reducing the risk of running injuries.

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Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

Cited by 18 publications

References 42 publications

Prolonged Running Using Bionic Footwear Influences Lower Limb Biomechanics

Prolonged Running Using Bionic Footwear Influences Lower Limb Biomechanics

The Effect of Prolonged Running on the Symmetry of Biomechanical Variables of the Lower Limb Joints

Ground Reaction Force Differences between Bionic Shoes and Neutral Running Shoes in Recreational Male Runners before and after a 5 km Run

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