Changes in gender wage differentials in China: a regression and decomposition based on the data of CHIPS1995–2013

Abstract

Following the enactment of the Labour Law in 1995, China's urban labour market witnessed a divergence in both gender wage gap and discrimination against female workers before 2007, and thereafter a convergence in both. Contributions of endowment differentials between male and female workers to wage gap were diminishing because of the consistent improvement in the female workers' endowments. Discrimination against women, on the other hand, kept increasing and exceeded that of endowment differentials and eventually became the dominating contributor by 2002. Driven by the optimisation of female workers' endowments, the execution of new labour market legislation, the transformation of previously limitless labour supply into shortage, as well as the reform of income distribution policies, a long-term trend of convergence in both gender wage gap and discrimination has been forming. China has been striding forward into a society with more equity and justice ever since 2007.

Gender-oriented statistical discrimination: Aggregate fertility, economic sector, and earnings among young Chinese workers

“…9 However, the authors acknowledged that the absolute size of the unexplained gender wage of discrimination in the gender wage differential declined substantially across ownership types from the state to the private sector. In contrast, other studies reported that the majority of gender earnings differentials could be attributable to sex discrimination, especially during recent years (Li C. and Li S. 2008;Maurer-Fazio and Hughes 2002;Wang and Cai 2008;Zhang 2004;Zhao et al 2019). For instance, using a more detailed measure of market liberalization (enterprise-ownership type, enterprise age, and workers' methods of finding employment), Maurer-Fazio and Hughes (2002) found that both the absolute size of the wage gap and the proportion of unexplained gap (after accounting for various observed characteristics) were largest in the most liberalized joint-venture sector, but smallest in the least liberalized state sector.…”

Return of Education for Women across Socio-Economic Status: Using Quantile Regression and Machado-Mata Decomposition Methods for Turkey

“…(1) In estimating the wage functions, empirical models such as 'basic Mincer earnings equation' and 'expanded Mincer earnings equations' are applied to the human capital theory (Assaad (1997), Ali (2002), Dewen, Fang, and Guoqing (2010), Nour (2011), Huy (2020), Zhou, Zhao, Chou, and Leivang (2019), Busso, Muñoz, and Montaño (2020)). In this paper, we use an expanded Mincerian function to jointly observe the returns to different types of social levels and skills.…”

“…Wage differentials studies have been comprehensively carried out in many countries by different methods, especially including the ordinary least squares (Casero and Seshan (2006), Garcia-Suaza et al, (2009), Andrada and Galassi (2009), Tansel and Bircan Bodur (2012), Celik and Selim (2014)), quantile regression (Budría and Pereira (2005), Tansel and Bircan Bodur (2012), Hyder and Reilly (2005), Lemieux (2006), Celik and Selim (2014), Celik and Selim (2016)), logit model (Tansel (2003) and Tansel (2005)), Oaxaca and Ransom (1994) decomposition methods (Silber and Weber (1999), Ponthieux (2005), Fortin, (2008), Ismail (2011), Ismail and Jajri (2012)),Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods (Blinder (1973), Oaxaca (1973), Dayioglu and Kasnakoglu (1997), Ozcan, Ucdogruk, and Ozcan (2003), Kara (2006), Gurler and Ucdoğruk (2007), Ilkkaracan and Selim (2007), Cudeville and Gurbuzer (2007), Guner (2009), Azam and Prakash (2010), Akhmedjonov (2012), Ersaslan (2012), Mercan and Karakas (2015), Zhou, Zhao, Chou, and Leivang (2019)). Gardeazabal and Ugidos (2005) extended the scalar measurement of the Oaxaca method for quantile regression as the variance of men is higher in wage distribution as the dependent variable in comparison to women.…”

Influences of the Cultural Revolution on the education and wages of today’s Chinese laborers

“…Market-oriented reform in the employment system, with its goal of establishing an orderly, flexible, and effective labour market mechanism, was one of the most important moves in China's economic transition. The reform has undoubtedly been successful in both boosting market vitality and improving economic efficiency (Zhao, Zhao, Chou, & Leivang, 2019).…”