Changes in gas flow in the pipeline depending on the network foundation in the area

Optimal scheduling for urban micro integrated energy system considering decentralised high‐rise buildings heating supply

“…The constraint in (13) is the SOC constraints mentioned above. Constraints (14) and (15) limit the magnitude of voltage and current. Constraints (16) and (17) show that CHP and wind power units will generate active and reactive power when they are plugged into the electricity distribution network through bus e. Constraints (18) and (19) describe that the active and reactive power purchased from the electricity market and transmission network governs the energy flowing from the root bus to the electricity distribution network, as mentioned in the assumptions.…”

“…In a natural gas distribution network, natural gas is transported under medium pressure to supply gas to residential quarters and to commercial centres. Then, the district gas regulator stations in these residential quarters and commercial centres will reduce the gas stream overpressure from 4 bar (medium pressure) to a range from 1700 to 2500 Pa (low pressure) to supply gas to the customers for preparing meals, hot water, and room heating [14], as shown in Fig. 3.…”

“…Since it is recommended that for low-pressure gas networks the gas overpressure should be in the range 1700-2500 Pa [14] and because the rated gas overpressure of natural gas appliances is 2000 Pa, the input gas overpressure regulated by the district regulator station of this building is usually set to 2200 Pa.…”

“…However, few of the existing research studies have focused on the gas pressure problem and taken the high-rise buildings into account in the scheduling of the UMIES. Generally, in a horizontal gas pipeline, the change of natural gas pressure is mainly dependent on the diameter and length of the gas pipeline, the volume flow of the natural gas, and decreases with distance due to pipe loss [13,14]. However, in the case of a network with significant differences in height between the start and end points of the gas pipelines, as in high-rise buildings, additional overpressure may occur when the natural gas is transported from lower floors to higher floors.…”

“…According to national regulations, it is recommended for lowpressure gas networks that the gas overpressure in each network connection should be in the range from 1700 to 2500 Pa [14]. Gas overpressure that is either too low or too high may result in lowthermal efficiency, combustion instability, and damage or improper functioning of the equipment powered by gas.…”