Changes in fusional vergence limit and its hysteresis after viewing stereoscopic TV

Visual Discomfort and Visual Fatigue of Stereoscopic Displays: A Review

“…74 Questionnaires have been extensively applied as a specific means to determine the degree of visual discomfort. 10,27,31,75 To our knowledge, a generally accepted questionnaire that proved to be valid, sensitive, reliable, and robust in determining the degree of visual discomfort of stereoscopic displays has not yet been established. In clinical research, questionnaires are able to evaluate the degree of asthenopia due to visual deficits.…”

“…For specific vergence measurements the clinical tests can include: (1) fusional reserves, which denotes the amount of vergence, both diverged and converged, that can be endured before blurring or double vision occurs; (2) relative vergence, which provides information on vergence facility, e.g., the effect of exhaustion by prism flippers on fusion; and (3) fixation disparity, which relates visual stress to prism strength necessary to redirect perceived objects to corresponding parts of the retina. 31,55,56,75 Specific accommodation measurements can include: (1) accommodation amplitude, which denotes the maximal range of accommodation, e.g., push-up method of Donders; (2) relative accommodation, which provides information on the accommodation facility, e.g., jump accommodation with lens flippers; and (3) accommodation accuracy, which describes the difference between the accommodation necessary for a certain viewing distance and the measured accommodation. 31,55,56 Brain Activity Measures All sensory and high-level cognitive information is processed in the brain.…”

Influence of stereopsis and abnormal binocular vision on ocular and systemic discomfort while watching 3D television

“…There has also been a noticeable increase in exposure to 3D images. Although watching 3D images is known to induce more ocular and systemic fatigue and discomfort, which can be referred to as '3D asthenopia', than watching two-dimensional (2D) images, [1][2][3][4][5] the influence of 3D images on the eyes or other parts of the body and the related mechanisms are not thoroughly understood. In addition, there are no safety guidelines for watching a 3D display.…”

The Extraction of Depth Discontinuities Using Disparity Map for Human Visual Fatigue

“…depth discontinuity pixels occur at the right of occluded pixels in the left image and at the left of occluded pixels in the right image in stereoscopy. (1,0), (2,1), (6,2), (7,3), (8,4), (9,5), (10,6), (11,9), (12,10), (13.11…”