Changes in ethanol consumption by pregnant pigtailed macaques.

Effects of pregnancy on nicotine self-administration and nicotine pharmacokinetics in rats

“…Oral intake of ethanol decreased during the course of pregnancy in rats, mice, and hamsters with maximal suppression occurring in the last few days of gestation and persisting during lactation (Becker et al 1986;Sandberg et al 1982;Carver et al 1953;Randall et al 1980). Decreases in oral ethanol intake during pregnancy have also been reported in primates, although considerable variability between subjects was evident (Elton and Wilson 1977). Similarly, cocaine self-administration under a progressive ratio schedule in rats decreased over the course of pregnancy to a significantly suppressed level during the third trimester of gestation (Hecht et al 1999).…”

A Comparison of the Different Animal Models of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Their Use in Studying Complex Behaviors

“…Because of this, there are very few studies of PNEE that have been conducted in primates and those studies that have been done usually have a very small sample size and there are wide variations in ethanol dosage and administration. For example, one of the first studies conducted by Elton and Wilson (202) allowed four pig-tailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) to consume an orange-flavored ethanol solution prior to conception and throughout pregnancy. While three of the monkeys drank very little of the ethanol and had apparently normal infants, one of the monkeys consumed large amounts of the ethanol throughout her pregnancy and her infant was noted to be hyperactive and tremulous (202).…”

“…For example, one of the first studies conducted by Elton and Wilson (202) allowed four pig-tailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) to consume an orange-flavored ethanol solution prior to conception and throughout pregnancy. While three of the monkeys drank very little of the ethanol and had apparently normal infants, one of the monkeys consumed large amounts of the ethanol throughout her pregnancy and her infant was noted to be hyperactive and tremulous (202). The majority of primate studies utilize the oral intubation method for administering alcohol (104–107), with many studies only giving alcohol once weekly rather than daily, which may more closely resemble human drinking patterns during pregnancy (104, 106, 107).…”

The Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Behavior: Rodent and Primate Studies

“…In a pioneering study, Elton and Wilson (1977) offered an orange-flavored alcohol solution to four pig-tailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) before conception and throughout pregnancy. Three monkeys drank little and produced apparently normal infants while the fourth monkey consumed a high dose of alcohol throughout pregnancy and produced a hyperactive and tremulous infant.…”

“…Overall, studies in primates parallel findings with humans: prenatal alcohol exposure produces hyperactive and distractible offspring. For example, Elton and Wilson (1977) reported hyperactivity in a pig-tailed macaque from a high dose voluntary drinking experiment. Clarren and colleagues (1992) reported increased distractibility as a result of weekly “binge” alcohol administration in macaque monkeys compared with non-exposed monkeys.…”