Changes in EEG alpha frequency and evoked response latency during solitary confinement.

Gendreau, Paul; Freedman, Nelson L.; Wilde, Gerald J. S.; Scott, G. D.

doi:10.1037/h0032339

Cited by 41 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Reduced alpha power and elevated theta power suggest a deficit in cortical maturation in CAUG group. This pattern of immature neuronal activity, characterized by greater power in the slower frequency band combined with reduced power in a faster frequency, has been observed in children reared in social isolation and deprivation (Gendreau, Freedman, Wilde, & Scott, ; Zubek, Welch, & Saunders, ), extreme stress (Montes, Alcántara, Cedeño, García, & Rojas, ), poor environmental stimulation (Otero, , ) and adverse family environment (Bick, Palmwood, Zajac, Simons, & Dozier, ). Bick et al () examined the relations between early family adversity and brain electrical activity and found that early family adversity was associated with greater power in theta frequency band and lower power in alpha frequency band in middle childhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

The long‐term effects of institutional rearing, foster care intervention and disruptions in care on brain electrical activity in adolescence

Debnath

Tang

Zeanah

et al. 2019

Developmental Science

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Exposure to early psychosocial deprivation as a result of institutional care disrupts typical brain development. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is the first longitudinal study to investigate the neurodevelopment of institutionalized infants randomized to a foster care (FCG) intervention versus care as usual (CAUG). Here, we present findings from a follow‐up assessment of brain electrical activity as indexed by resting EEG at age 16 years. In addition, we examined the effects of disruption of foster care placement (e.g. the number of moves among foster care placements) on brain electrical activity. Resting‐state EEG was collected from 48 CAUG, 46 FCG and 48 never institutionalized (NIG) control participants. Absolute (µV2) and relative (proportion) power were computed from eyes closed, resting EEG data for theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. The CAUG displayed higher relative theta and lower relative alpha power compared to the FCG at 16 years of age. The FCG showed brain activity comparable to the NIG. The results further showed that disruptions following the original foster care placement had an adverse effect on brain electrical activity. Within the foster care group, there were no effects of age of placement on EEG power. Placement of children who have experienced early institutional rearing into stable foster care settings ensure long‐term improvement in brain functioning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

The long‐term effects of institutional rearing, foster care intervention and disruptions in care on brain electrical activity in adolescence

Debnath

Tang

Zeanah

et al. 2019

Developmental Science

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“…The distribution of greater power in slower frequencies of the EEG is not only characteristic of extreme deprivation or social isolation ( Gendreau et al, 1972 , Marshall and Fox, 2004 , Zubek et al, 1963 ), but has been observed in typically developing populations of children living in impoverished environments. A number of studies have shown that children living in low resource homes (e.g., poor nutrition, unsanitary living conditions, less responsive or sensitive caregiving) show a similar “immature” pattern of EEG activity as we have observed in the BEIP sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normalization of EEG activity among previously institutionalized children placed into foster care: A 12-year follow-up of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project

Vanderwert

Zeanah

Fox

et al. 2016

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

118

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Extreme social and cognitive deprivation as a result of institutional care has profound effects on developmental outcomes across multiple domains for many abandoned or orphaned children. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) examines the outcomes for children originally placed in institutions who were assessed comprehensively and then randomized to foster care (FCG) or care as usual (CAUG) and followed longitudinally. Here we report on the brain electrical activity (electroencephalogram: EEG) of 12-year-old children enrolled in the BEIP. Previous reports suggested improvement in resting EEG activity for the group of children placed in the foster care intervention, particularly those placed before 24 months of age compared to children who were randomized to CAUG or those placed into families after this age. At 12 years, differences between those in the FCG and those in the CAUG persist in the alpha band (8–13Hz), but not in higher frequency bands (i.e. in the beta band; 15–30Hz), except in those children placed into the FCG who remained in high quality care environments over the course of the study. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining a stable high quality caregiving environment, particularly for children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation, for promoting healthy brain development.

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“…Early studies by Gendreau and colleagues (Ecclestone et al, 1974;Gendreau & Bonta, 1984;Gendreau et al, 1968Gendreau et al, , 1970Gendreau et al, , 1972 used repeated measures experimental designs over periods of up to 10 days to explore the effects of segregation on psychological and physiological measures. Few negative impacts of segregation were found over these brief time periods.…”

Section: Longitudinal Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several of these studies have been experimental in nature in that inmates who volunteer to be randomly assigned to either segregation or comparison conditions for a short period of time (e.g., Ecclestone, Gendreau, & Knox, 1974;Gendreau & Bonta, 1984;Gendreau, Freedman, Wilde, & Scott, 1968, 1972Gendreau, McLean, Parsons, Drake, & Ecclestone, 1970). These studies tend to show little impact of segregation on mental well-being but can be criticized for lacking ecological validity by using participants who volunteered to be placed in segregation, using small samples sizes, and for being short-term, all of which do not match the current reality of how AS exists in U.S. prisons today.…”

Section: Quantitative Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Year Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Effects of Administrative Segregation

O'Keefe¹,

Klebe²,

Stucker³

et al. 2011

PsycEXTRA Dataset

105

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The researchers would also like to acknowledge the support of Mr. Aristedes Zavaras and the staff at the Department of Corrections. This project would never have been possible without the commitment and contributions of management, mental health, case management, offender services, and security staff.This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.ii ABSTRACT One of the most widely debated topics in the field of corrections -the use of long-term administrative segregation (AS) -has suffered from a lack of empirical research. Critics have argued that the conditions of AS confinement exacerbate symptoms of mental illness and create mental illness where none previously existed. Empirical research has had little to offer this debate; the scant empirical research conducted to date suffers from research bias and serious methodological flaws. This study seeks to advance the literature in this regard.This study tested three hypotheses: (1) offenders in AS would develop an array of psychological symptoms consistent with the security housing unit (SHU) syndrome, (2) offenders with and without mental illness would deteriorate over time in AS, but at a rate more rapid and extreme for the mentally ill, and (3) inmates in AS would experience greater psychological deterioration over time than the comparison groups.Study participants included male inmates who were placed in AS and comparison inmates in the general population (GP). Placement into AS or GP conditions occurred as a function of routine prison operations. GP comparison participants included those at risk of AS placement due to their institutional behavior. Inmates in both of these study conditions (AS, GP) were divided into two groups -inmates with mental illness (MI) and with no mental illness (NMI). A third comparison group of inmates with severe mental health problems placed in San Carlos Correctional Facility, a psychiatric care prison facility, was also included. A total of 302 inmates were approached to participate in the study, and 55 refused to participate or later withdrew their consent. Participants were tested at 3-month intervals over a yearlong period.Standardized test data were collected through self-report, correctional staff and clinical staff measures. Tests with demonstrated reliability and validity were selected to assess the eight primary constructs of interest: (1) anxiety, (2) cognitive impairment, (3) depression-hopelessness, (4) hostility-anger control, (5) hypersensitivity, (6) psychosis, (7) somatization, and (8) withdrawal-alienation. Extensive analyses of psychometric properties revealed that inmates self-reported psychological and cognitive symptoms in remarkably reliable and valid ways.The results of this study were largely inconsistent with our hypotheses and the bulk of literature that indi...

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Changes in EEG alpha frequency and evoked response latency during solitary confinement.

Cited by 41 publications

References 14 publications

The long‐term effects of institutional rearing, foster care intervention and disruptions in care on brain electrical activity in adolescence

The long‐term effects of institutional rearing, foster care intervention and disruptions in care on brain electrical activity in adolescence

Normalization of EEG activity among previously institutionalized children placed into foster care: A 12-year follow-up of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project

One Year Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Effects of Administrative Segregation

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