“…In fact, context is always a crucial factor in situations where leadership practices take effect (Bush, 2018). Using Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2013 data, Liu (2020a) found that only Confucian Asia, with its high institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism and power distance, did not appear to have either a positive or a negative relationship with distributed leadership in seven country clusters, and that large-scale schools tended to have a distributed leadership pattern of decreased principal leadership but increased management team leadership (Liu, 2020b; Van Geel et al, 2018). Clearly, societal values influence the way principals perceive and enact their roles (Walker et al, 2012), but Chinese educational reforms have been decentralising power to local schools since the 1990s, and top- and mid-level teachers there participate in their schools’ pedagogical and administrative work under the principal accountability system to reach school-based management (Tian and Virtanen, 2020).…”