Changes in driver behaviour as a function of handsfree mobile phones— A simulator study

Alm, Håkan; Nilsson, Larsgunnar

doi:10.1016/0001-4575(94)90035-3

Cited by 229 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…As such, the phone task can be dis-tracting, disruptive to driving, and potentially dangerous (Goodman, 1997;Goodman et al, 1999). This general conclusion is supported by laboratory and driving simulation studies (McKnight and McKnight, 1993;Alm and Nilsson, 1993;Strayer and Johnston, 2001), closed track road studies (Ishida and Matsuura, 2001;Hancock et al, 2003), and open road studies (Brown et al, 1969;Harbluk et al, 2002;Patten et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Effects of practice, age, and task demands, on interference from a phone task while driving

Shinar

Tractinsky

Compton

2005

Accident Analysis & Prevention

203

102

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Experimental research on the effects of cellular phone conversations on driving indicates that the phone task interferes with many drivingrelated functions, especially with older drivers. Unfortunately in past research (1) the dual task conditions were not repeated in order to test for learning, (2) the 'phone tasks' were not representative of real conversations, and (3) most often both the driving and the phone tasks were experimenter-paced. In real driving drivers learn to time-share various tasks, they can pace their driving to accommodate the demands of a phone conversation, and they can even partially pace the phone conversation to accommodate the driving demands. The present study was designed to better simulate real driving conditions by providing a simulated driving environment with repeated experiences of driving while carrying two different hands-free 'phone' tasks with different proximities to real conversations. In the course of five sessions of driving and using the phone, there was a learning effect on most of the driving measures. In addition, the interference from the phone task on many of the driving tasks diminished over time as expected. Finally, the interference effects were greater when the phone task was the often-used artificial math operations task than when it was an emotionally involving conversation, when the driving demands were greater, and when the drivers were older. Thus, the deleterious effects of conversing on the phone are very real initially, but may not be as severe with continued practice at the dual task, especially for drivers who are not old.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Effects of practice, age, and task demands, on interference from a phone task while driving

Shinar

Tractinsky

Compton

2005

Accident Analysis & Prevention

203

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Yet an early study in a simulator concluded that a hands-free mobile phone was also dangerous to use while driving [3,4]. This is confirmed by more recent studies in real traffic establishing that the risks of using a hands-free mobile phone are the same as using a hand-held, e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Don’t Text While Driving: The Effect of Smartphone Text Messaging on Road Safety during Simulated Driving

Lyngsie

Pedersen

Stage

et al. 2013

Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2013

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Abstract.Text messaging on smartphones uses a full soft keyboard instead of the numeric buttons on traditional mobile phones. While being more intuitive, the lack of tactile feedback from physical buttons increases the need for user focus, which may compromise safety in certain settings. This paper reports from an empirical study of the effect of text messaging on road safety. We compared the use of a traditional mobile phone and a smartphone for writing text messages during simulated driving. The results confirm that driver performance when texting decreases considerably as there are significant increases in reaction time, car-following distance, lane violation, number of crash/near-crash incidents, perceived task load and the amount of time the driver is looking away from the road. The results also show that smartphones makes this even worse; on key performance parameters they increase the threat from text messaging while driving. These results suggest that drivers should never text while driving, especially not with a smartphone.

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“…The focus in this study is on cellular communications. This focus arises from the concern raised by experts on the relationship between in-vehicle cell phone usage and driver safety (Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, 1999;Alm, & Nilsson, 1994;Parkes, & Hooijmeijer, 1999). This concern stems from research showing a correlation between accidents and cell phone usage (Redelmeier & Tibshirani, 1997), although other studies suggest that cell phones are just one of many potential distracters confronting drivers that are associated with accidents (Stutts et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driver Workload Management During Cell Phone Conversations Chip Wood,

Hurwitz

Wood

2005

Driving Assessment 2005 : Proceedings of the 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Trainin

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Summary: This study tested if intelligently suspending cell phone conversations during demanding driving situations would improve driver's performance and lessen subjective workload. Using a simulator, drivers followed a lead car approximately 2 secs ahead and braking randomly. The drivers engaged in spontaneous "Neutral," "Intense," or "No" cell phone conversations with the experimenter, who sustained all conversations with scripted non-directive utterances. When the lead car started to decelerate, the conversations were suspended or not for the duration of the event. Objective driving performance and subjective "workload" estimates showed significant differences between conversation topic types. Engaging in an "Intense" conversation during deceleration produced (1) smaller decreases in forward velocity, and (2) delays in releasing the accelerator, applying the brake and decelerating. Suspending "Intense" conversations counteracted these effects, producing larger decreases in forward velocity, and speeding up drivers' responses on the vehicle controls. Furthermore, suspending conversations clearly increased drivers' headways and temporal distances with the lead car. The results show that cell phone conversation intensity has significant effects on both performance and workload. The results also show positive effects of suspending cell phone conversations during critical driving situations on driver performance, thus perhaps counteracting the negative effects of the workload imposed by the conversations. Subjective ratings and value judgments for this system indicate generally positive assessments of the system.

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Changes in driver behaviour as a function of handsfree mobile phones— A simulator study

Cited by 229 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of practice, age, and task demands, on interference from a phone task while driving

Effects of practice, age, and task demands, on interference from a phone task while driving

Don’t Text While Driving: The Effect of Smartphone Text Messaging on Road Safety during Simulated Driving

Driver Workload Management During Cell Phone Conversations Chip Wood,

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