Changes in distribution, morphology and ultrastructure of chloride cell in Atlantic salmon during an AGD infection

Chang, Yao-Chung; Hamlin-Wright, Harry; Monaghan, Sean J.; Herath, Tharangani; Baily, Johanna L.; Pozo, Jorge del; Downes, Jamie K.; Preston, Andrew Cree; Chalmers, Lynn; Jayasuriya, Nilantha; Bron, James E.; Adams, Alexandra; Fridman, Sophie

doi:10.1111/jfd.13073

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Gills are also responsible for ion balance and the removal of metabolic wastes from the amino acid catabolism [ 10 ]. Recently, Chang et al [ 11 ] showed that AGD‐associated pathology led to changes in morphology and distribution of chloride cells in the gills of Atlantic salmon. The basal epithelial hyperplasia during progression of an AGD infection coincided with a marked reduction in numbers of Na+/K+‐ATPase positive chloride cells and mRNA expression of the gene encoding for this enzyme [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Chang et al [ 11 ] showed that AGD‐associated pathology led to changes in morphology and distribution of chloride cells in the gills of Atlantic salmon. The basal epithelial hyperplasia during progression of an AGD infection coincided with a marked reduction in numbers of Na+/K+‐ATPase positive chloride cells and mRNA expression of the gene encoding for this enzyme [ 11 ]. This suggested an impairment of the osmo-regulatory capacity of AGD-affected gills.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus

et al. 2021

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Gills of fish are involved in respiration, excretion and osmoregulation. Due to numerous interactions between these processes, branchial diseases have serious implications on fish health. Here, "koi sleepy disease" (KSD), caused by carp edema virus (CEV) infection was used to study physiological, immunological and metabolic consequences of a gill disease in fish. A metabolome analysis shows that the moderately hypoxic-tolerant carp can compensate the respiratory compromise related to this infection by various adaptations in their metabolism. Instead, the disease is accompanied by a massive disturbance of the osmotic balance with hyponatremia as low as 71.65 mmol L −1 , and an accumulation of ammonia in circulatory blood causing a hyperammonemia as high as 1123.24 µmol L −1 . At water conditions with increased ambient salt, the hydro-mineral balance and the ammonia excretion were restored. Importantly, both hyponatremia and hyperammonemia in KSD-affected carp can be linked to an immunosuppression leading to a four-fold drop in the number of white blood cells, and significant downregulation of cd4, tcr a2 and igm expression in gills, which can be evaded by increasing the ion concentration in water. This shows that the complex host-pathogen interactions within the gills can have immunosuppressive consequences, which have not previously been addressed in fish. Furthermore, it makes the CEV infection of carp a powerful model for studying interdependent pathological and immunological effects of a branchial disease in fish.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus

et al. 2021

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“…A decrease in the number of chloride cells in AGD lesions suggests that the osmoregulatory capacity of affected fish may be compromised, 168,181,182 reducing their tolerance of high salinities. This could indicate that offshore locations are even more unforgiving for affected fish.…”

Section: Agd and Offshore Farmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Offshore aquaculture of finfish: Big expectations at sea

Morro

Davidson

Adams

et al. 2021

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Offshore aquaculture has gained momentum in recent years, and the production of an increasing number of marine fish species is being relocated offshore. Initially, predictions of the advantages that offshore aquaculture would present over nearshore farming were made without enough science‐based evidence. Now, with more scientific knowledge, this review revisits past predictions and expectations of offshore aquaculture. We analysed and explained the oceanographic features that define offshore and nearshore sites. Using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as a case study, we focussed on sea lice, amoebic gill disease, and the risk of harmful algal blooms, as well as the direct effects of the oceanography on the health and physiology of fish. The operational and licencing challenges and advantages of offshore aquaculture are also considered. The lack of space in increasingly saturated sheltered areas will push new farms out to offshore locations and, if appropriate steps are followed, offshore aquaculture can be successful. Firstly, the physical capabilities of the farmed fish species and infrastructure must be fully understood. Secondly, the oceanography of potential sites must be carefully studied to confirm that they are compatible with the species‐specific capabilities. And, thirdly, an economic plan considering the operational costs and licencing limitations of the site must be developed. This review will serve as a guide and a compilation of information for researchers and stakeholders.

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“…The site of amoeba attachment is characterized by epithelial desquamation and edema, epithelial hyperplasia, fusion of secondary lamellae, and interlamellar vesicle formation (5). A reduction in chloride cells is also associated with clinical AGD and is closely linked to epithelial hyperplasia (6). An infiltration of inflammatory immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, can be observed within the central venous sinus adjacent to AGD lesions (5,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-Parasite Interaction of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans in Amoebic Gill Disease

et al. 2021

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Marine farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are susceptible to recurrent amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans over the growout production cycle. The parasite elicits a highly localized response within the gill epithelium resulting in multifocal mucoid patches at the site of parasite attachment. This host-parasite response drives a complex immune reaction, which remains poorly understood. To generate a model for host-parasite interaction during pathogenesis of AGD in Atlantic salmon the local (gill) and systemic transcriptomic response in the host, and the parasite during AGD pathogenesis was explored. A dual RNA-seq approach together with differential gene expression and system-wide statistical analyses of gene and transcription factor networks was employed. A multi-tissue transcriptomic data set was generated from the gill (including both lesioned and non-lesioned tissue), head kidney and spleen tissues naïve and AGD-affected Atlantic salmon sourced from an in vivo AGD challenge trial. Differential gene expression of the salmon host indicates local and systemic upregulation of defense and immune responses. Two transcription factors, znfOZF-like and znf70-like, and their associated gene networks significantly altered with disease state. The majority of genes in these networks are candidates for mediators of the immune response, cellular proliferation and invasion. These include Aurora kinase B-like, rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 25-like and protein NDNF-like inhibited. Analysis of the N. perurans transcriptome during AGD pathology compared to in vitro cultured N. perurans trophozoites, as a proxy for wild type trophozoites, identified multiple gene candidates for virulence and indicates a potential master regulatory gene system analogous to the two-component PhoP/Q system. Candidate genes identified are associated with invasion of host tissue, evasion of host defense mechanisms and formation of the mucoid lesion. We generated a novel model for host-parasite interaction during AGD pathogenesis through integration of host and parasite functional profiles. Collectively, this dual transcriptomic study provides novel molecular insights into the pathology of AGD and provides alternative theories for future research in a step towards improved management of AGD.

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Changes in distribution, morphology and ultrastructure of chloride cell in Atlantic salmon during an AGD infection

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus

Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus

Offshore aquaculture of finfish: Big expectations at sea

Host-Parasite Interaction of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans in Amoebic Gill Disease

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