Changes in Diffusion Metrics of the Red Nucleus in Chronic Stroke Patients With Severe Corticospinal Tract Injury: A Preliminary Study

Kim, Hanjun; Lee, Hoyoung; Jung, Kwang‐Ik; Ohn, Suk Hoon; Yoo, Woo‐Kyoung

doi:10.5535/arm.2018.42.3.396

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Increased fractional anisotropy in RN, rubrospinal and corticorubral tracts was found to be positively correlated with the level of motor impairment in chronic post-stroke patients at different time intervals from lesion. Such changes in microstructural parameters have been interpreted as reflecting structural reorganization and brain plasticity 58–62 . These data suggest that the rubrospinal tract could have been underestimated, since it could have a great impact during neurorehabilitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cortico-rubral and cerebello-rubral pathways are topographically organized within the human red nucleus

Cacciola

Milardi

Basile

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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The Red Nucleus (RN) is a large nucleus located in the ventral midbrain: it is subdivided into a small caudal magnocellular part (mRN) and a large rostral parvocellular part (pRN). These distinct structural regions are part of functionally different networks and show distinctive connectivity features: the mRN is connected to the interposed nucleus, whilst the pRN is mainly connected to dentate nucleus, cortex and inferior olivary complex. Despite functional neuroimaging studies suggest RN involvement in complex motor and higher order functions, the pRN and mRN cannot be distinguished using conventional MRI. Herein, we employ high-quality structural and diffusion MRI data of 100 individuals from the Human Connectome Project repository and constrained spherical deconvolution tractography to perform connectivity-based segmentation of the human RN. In particular, we tracked connections of RN with the inferior olivary complex, the interposed nucleus, the dentate nucleus and the cerebral cortex. We found that the RN can be subdivided according to its connectivity into two clusters: a large ventrolateral one, mainly connected with the cerebral cortex and the inferior olivary complex, and a smaller dorsomedial one, mainly connected with the interposed nucleus. This structural topography strongly reflects the connectivity patterns of pRN and mRN respectively. Structural connectivity-based segmentation could represent a useful tool for the identification of distinct subregions of the human red nucleus on 3T MRI thus allowing a better evaluation of this subcortical structure in healthy and pathological conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cortico-rubral and cerebello-rubral pathways are topographically organized within the human red nucleus

Cacciola

Milardi

Basile

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…In chronic post-stroke patients, structural connectivity between primary and supplementary motor cortices and RN is significantly correlated with behavioural measures of upper extremity functions, suggesting a reorganization of the cortico-rubral system in the recovery of upper limb motility (Rüber et al 2012). Increased fractional anisotropy in RN, rubrospinal and cortico-RN tracts was found to be positively correlated with the level of motor impairment in chronic post-stroke patients at different time intervals after lesion, likely suggesting structural reorganization and plasticity (Yeo and Jang 2010;Rüber et al 2012;Takenobu et al 2014;Jang and Kwon 2015;Kim et al 2018). This hypothesis is strengthened by fMRI findings of increased activation of cerebral cortex, cerebellum and RN that correlated with recovery of motor functions after a treadmill gait exercise (Luft et al 2008).…”

Section: From Anatomy To Clinic: Rn In Neurological Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The human red nucleus (RN) is a large subcortical structure located in the ventral midbrain, which is cytoarchitectonically divided into two histologically distinct subregions: a magnocellular, caudal region, consisting of large sparse neurons (magnocellular RN, mRN) and a rostral parvocellular part, mainly characterized by small and medium-sized neurons (parvocellular RN, pRN) (Ulfig and Chan 2002;Yamaguchi and Goto 2008;Hicks 2009, 2010;Paxinos et al 2012). These structures play a complementary role in different aspects of motor control (Kennedy 1990), and are likely involved in different motor disorders, such as essential tremor (ET) (Wills et al 1994(Wills et al , 1995, Parkinson's disease (PD) (Wang et al 2016b;Guan et al 2017) and in the recovery from pyramidal lesions (Yeo and Jang 2010;Rüber et al 2012;Takenobu et al 2014;Jang and Kwon 2015;Kim et al 2018). Despite its remarkable clinical interest, the RN still remains a poorly investigated region of the human brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences

et al. 2020

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The red nucleus (RN) is a large subcortical structure located in the ventral midbrain. Although it originated as a primitive relay between the cerebellum and the spinal cord, during its phylogenesis the RN shows a progressive segregation between a magnocellular part, involved in the rubrospinal system, and a parvocellular part, involved in the olivocerebellar system. Despite exhibiting distinct evolutionary trajectories, these two regions are strictly tied together and play a prominent role in motor and non-motor behavior in different animal species. However, little is known about their function in the human brain. This lack of knowledge may have been conditioned both by the notable differences between human and non-human RN and by inherent difficulties in studying this structure directly in the human brain, leading to a general decrease of interest in the last decades. In the present review, we identify the crucial issues in the current knowledge and summarize the results of several decades of research about the RN, ranging from animal models to human diseases. Connecting the dots between morphology, experimental physiology and neuroimaging, we try to draw a comprehensive overview on RN functional anatomy and bridge the gap between basic and translational research.

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“…We further assume that both CRST and CST capability depends on the level of anatomical damage to the tract, and thus tract capability increases with increasing UEFM for both tracts. CST is better structured to mediate out-of-synergy movements, an ability that emerges in the range UEFM [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] (bottom left graph). Middle column: Exclusive model.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rudimentary Dexterity Corresponds With Reduced Ability to Move in Synergy After Stroke: Evidence of Competition Between Corticoreticulospinal and Corticospinal Tracts?

Senesh

Barragan

Reinkensmeyer

2020

Neurorehabil Neural Repair

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Objective When a stroke damages the corticospinal tract (CST), it has been hypothesized that the motor system switches to using the corticoreticulospinal tract (CRST) resulting in abnormal arm synergies. Is use of these tracts mutually exclusive, or can the motor system spontaneously switch between them depending on the type of movement it wants to make? If the motor system can share control at will, then people with a rudimentary ability to make dexterous movements should be able to perform synergistic arm movements as well. Methods We analyzed clinical assessments of 319 persons’ abilities to perform “out-of-synergy” and “in-synergy” arm movements after chronic stroke using the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer (UEFM) scale. Results We identified a moderate range of arm impairment (UEFM = ~30-40) where subjects had a rudimentary ability to make out-of-synergy (~23%-50% on the out-of-synergy score) and dexterous hand movements (~3-10 blocks on Box and Blocks Test). Below this range persons could perform in-synergy but not out-of-synergy or dexterous movements. In the moderate range, however, scoring better on out-of-synergy movements correlated with scoring worse on in-synergy movements ( P = .001, r ≈ −0.6). Conclusion Rudimentary dexterity corresponded with reduced ability to move the arm in-synergy. This finding supports the idea that CST and CRST compete and has implications for rehabilitation therapy.

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Changes in Diffusion Metrics of the Red Nucleus in Chronic Stroke Patients With Severe Corticospinal Tract Injury: A Preliminary Study

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

The cortico-rubral and cerebello-rubral pathways are topographically organized within the human red nucleus

The cortico-rubral and cerebello-rubral pathways are topographically organized within the human red nucleus

Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences

Rudimentary Dexterity Corresponds With Reduced Ability to Move in Synergy After Stroke: Evidence of Competition Between Corticoreticulospinal and Corticospinal Tracts?

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