Changes in cortisol release and heart rate variability in sport horses during long-distance road transport

Schmidt, Alice; Biau, Sophie; Möstl, Erich; Becker-Birck, M.; Morillon, B.; Aurich, Jörg; Faure, Jean-Michel; Aurich, Christine

doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.10.002

Cited by 134 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The fact that it is a competition performed at home could explain this absence of the horses' cortisol rise. The baseline values found in this study agree with those reported in previous studies [5,6,13,29].…”

Section: Evolution In Horsessupporting

confidence: 93%

“…However, the peak we observed was not high compared with increases found in other stress studies [5,9,13]. Our SCC peak measured during competition was approximately 190% of baseline and 160% compared with morning samples.…”

Section: Evolution In Horsescontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…In a preliminary study, Peeters et al [5] found that mean SCC after cross-country events were more than three times higher (340%) than just before starting, and in another previous study, they found a rise of 360% for horses' mean SCC during competition compared with SCC when they were at home. Schmidt et al [13] found an increase of approximately 600% after a trailer trip. In the present study, horses' HPAA seemed not to be stimulated as much as it has been stimulated during other competitions.…”

Section: Evolution In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saliva cortisol concentrations have already been used in stress studies involving horses exposed to stressors such as a new environment [12], transport [9,13], and competition [5]. Horses' salivary cortisol basal values differed largely between individuals [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Horses' salivary cortisol basal values differed largely between individuals [5]. It was recommended to measure basal values for each individual before measuring concentrations during stress events [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance

Peeters

Closson

Beckers

et al. 2013

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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a b s t r a c tDuring competition, stress may affect riders and horses. This stress can affect health, welfare, and/or performance. Our aim was to quantify stress levels during competition in horses and riders. We also searched relationships between these stress levels and performance. Twenty riders and 23 horses were followed up during a show-jumping event (26 courses) held at a riding school. Regular saliva samples taken from horses and riders were assayed to evaluate cortisol levels. We studied salivary cortisol evolution during the days of competition. There was no correlation between instantaneous sampling on horses and their riders. However, we did find a parallel between horse and rider salivary cortisol evolution curves, with a similar peak, reached 20 minutes after the course. The increase was stronger in riders than in horses. Correlations appeared between salivary cortisol concentration and performance, but stress in both partners seems to have an opposite influence on performance. Riders who showed a higher salivary cortisol increase were awarded more penalties, whereas horses that showed a higher increase in salivary cortisol performed better. Stress level measurement in riderehorse pairs would thus lead to improvement in competition conditions and performance, for horses as well as for riders.

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Section: Evolution In Horsessupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Evolution In Horsescontrasting

confidence: 48%

Section: Evolution In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance

Peeters

Closson

Beckers

et al. 2013

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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Application of testosterone to epitestosterone ratio to horse urine – a complementary approach to detect the administrations of testosterone and its pro‐drugs in Thoroughbred geldings

Viljanto

Scarth²,

Hincks³

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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e Detection of testosterone and/or its pro-drugs in the gelding is currently regulated by the application of an international threshold for urinary testosterone of 20 ng/mL. The use of steroid ratios may provide a useful supplementary approach to aid in differentiating between the administration of these steroids and unusual physiological conditions that may result in atypically high testosterone concentrations. In the current study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to quantify testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E). The method was used to analyze 200 post-race urine samples from geldings in order to generate the ratios for the reference population. Following statistical analysis of the data, an upper limit of 5 for T:E ratio in geldings is proposed. Samples collected from 15 geldings with atypical urinary testosterone concentrations (>15 ng/mL) but otherwise normal steroid profile, had T:E ratios within those observed for the reference population. The applicability of an upper T:E ratio to detect an administration was demonstrated by the analysis of a selection of incurred samples from testosterone propionate, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and a mixture of DHEA and pregnenolone (Equi-Bolic®) administrations. These produced testosterone concentrations above the threshold of 20 ng/mL, but also T:E ratios above the proposed limit of 5. In conclusion, consideration of the T:E ratio appears to be a valuable complementary aid to evaluate whether an atypical testosterone concentration could be caused by a natural biological outlier as opposed to the administration of these steroids.

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Presence and detection of endogenous steroids in the horse—A review

Viljanto,

Gray,

Scarth

2023

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Detection of doping with steroids that are also endogenous in the horse can be challenging, and a variety of approaches to distinguish exogenous administration from their natural presence are employed. Knowledge of endogenous concentrations of various steroids in different genders of horses (intact male, castrated male and female) and factors that could naturally affect them is beneficial for establishing ways for detection of their use. The current internationally adopted approaches include concentration‐based thresholds in urine and plasma, steroid ratios in urine and targeting the administered intact steroid esters in plasma and hair. However, these have their limitations, and therefore, other strategies, such as additional biomarkers and steroid profiling based on longitudinal testing and multivariate analysis, have been investigated and could potentially improve detection of the use of endogenous steroids in horses. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the steroids (androgens, oestrogens and progestogens) that have been reported to be endogenous to horses in literature, their concentration ranges in different genders and factors potentially affecting them as well as current and possible future approaches to detect their use.

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Changes in cortisol release and heart rate variability in sport horses during long-distance road transport

Cited by 134 publications

References 30 publications

Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance

Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance

Application of testosterone to epitestosterone ratio to horse urine – a complementary approach to detect the administrations of testosterone and its pro‐drugs in Thoroughbred geldings

Presence and detection of endogenous steroids in the horse—A review

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