Changes in Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Palmitoleic Acid Are Correlated to Retinol Levels in Chronic Renal Failure in Both Hemodialysis and Conservative Treatment Patients

Abstract

An increase in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a natural fatty acid present in our diet, which possesses anticarcinogenic and antiatherogenic activities in experimental models, has been found in both the plasma and adipose tissue of end-stage chronic renal failure (ESCRF) patients. Increased levels of retinol have also been found in those patients, due to a reduced excretion of the retinol-binding protein. Since retinol is known to influence lipid metabolism, we evaluated whether changes in retinol, CLA, and other fatty acids are correlated in the plasma of CRF patients. We measured CLA, retinol, and unsaturated fatty acids in the plasma of the following groups: (A) 35 ESCRF patients; (B) 20 hemodialysis (HD) patients; (C) 20 healthy controls. Subjects with total cholesterol and/or triglycerides higher than 250 mg/dL were excluded. We found a significant increase in CLA, retinol, palmitoleic (16:1), and oleic (18:1) acids in ESCRF patients. In HD patients we found a similar pattern, however, CLA increase was not significant. No changes were observed in the other fatty acids measured. In the groups of ESCRF and HD patients, a positive correlation between the levels of plasma retinol and CLA, and between retinol and 16:1 was found. These correlations were not detected in controls. The abnormal levels of plasma retinol in CRF patients might partly explain the changes in CLA and 16:1. The influence of retinol levels on these fatty acids might be due to an induction of delta 9 desaturase. In fact, 16:1 is known to be produced, partly, by delta 9 desaturation of palmitic acid. Moreover, the formation of CLA from delta 9 desaturation of vaccenic acid-a trans-monounsaturated fatty acid present in our diet-has recently been demonstrated in humans. Nevertheless, our data do not represent direct evidence supporting an increased delta 9 desaturase activity in CRF patients. Another possible explanation might be a variation in the exogenous intake.

Inverse association between docosahexaenoic acid and mortality in patients on hemodialysis during over 10 years

“…In a large community‐based prospective study, palmitoleic acid was not associated with clinical CHD outcomes . Moreover, palmitoleic acid levels are known to be higher in HD patients than in healthy controls; palmitoleic acid might be a surrogate marker of uremia.…”

Effect of low vitamin A diets with high-moisture or dry corn on marbling and adipose tissue fatty acid composition of beef steers

“…Most CLA in ruminants is synthesized endogenously by the desaturation of vaccenic to rumenic acid, an enzymatic reaction catalyzed by SCD (Bauman et al, 1999;Palmquist et al, 2004). Conflicting data are present in the literature about the effects of carotenoids and retinol on SCD activity and expression (Siebert and Zurk, 2004;Lucchi et al, 2005). We hypothesized that feeding low vitamin A diets may increase SCD activity and therefore the CLA content in beef.…”

Enhanced circulating retinol and non-esterified fatty acids in pregnancies complicated with intrauterine growth restriction

“…Retinol has been shown to be an inducer of SCD expression [37][38][39], indicating its role in controlling fatty acid metabolism. Any deregulation of SCD expression would result in changes in the oleic acid/stearic acid ratio, as was found in the present study in women with IUGR pregnancies when compared with their gestational age-matched controls.…”