Changes in Composition of Sweat During Acclimatization to Heat

Dill, D. B.; Hall, F. G.; Edwards, H. T.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.123.2.412

Cited by 114 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…3 the sweat rate is plotted against the creatinine concentration for subject G.; the regression line is also shown. (Ladell, 1945b); a number of other authors have also reported that the greater the sweat rate the more nearly does the chloride content of the sweat approach that of the plasma (Dill, Hall & Edwards, 1938;Johnson, Pitts & Consolazio, 1944). There would therefore appear to be two mechanisms at least involved in the production of sweat from body fluids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Creatinine losses in the sweat during work in hot humid environments

Ladell¹

1947

The Journal of Physiology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Creatinine losses in the sweat during work in hot humid environments

Ladell¹

1947

The Journal of Physiology

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“…This renders the modelling of sweat composition more complex. Indeed, when one realises that sweat sodium concentrations, for instance, can double in some individuals over the physiological range for sweat production [245-248], then it becomes apparent that quoting sweat compositions without simultaneously reporting glandular or whole-body sweat flow offers little useful information. However, when normalised to sweat flow, sodium losses appear to be independent of gender and can be described using a common flow-dependent relationship ( N = 12, 36°C, 50% relative humidity, r 2 = 0.94 [248]), at least within young, physically active, unacclimatised individuals:…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans

2013

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Literature from the past 168 years has been filtered to provide a unified summary of the regional distribution of cutaneous water and electrolyte losses. The former occurs via transepidermal water vapour diffusion and secretion from the eccrine sweat glands. Daily insensible water losses for a standardised individual (surface area 1.8 m2) will be 0.6–2.3 L, with the hands (80–160 g.h−1) and feet (50–150 g.h−1) losing the most, the head and neck losing intermediate amounts (40–75 g.h−1) and all remaining sites losing 15–60 g.h−1. Whilst sweat gland densities vary widely across the skin surface, this same individual would possess some 2.03 million functional glands, with the highest density on the volar surfaces of the fingers (530 glands.cm−2) and the lowest on the upper lip (16 glands.cm−2). During passive heating that results in a resting whole-body sweat rate of approximately 0.4 L.min−1, the forehead (0.99 mg.cm−2.min−1), dorsal fingers (0.62 mg.cm−2.min−1) and upper back (0.59 mg.cm−2.min−1) would display the highest sweat flows, whilst the medial thighs and anterior legs will secrete the least (both 0.12 mg.cm−2.min−1). Since sweat glands selectively reabsorb electrolytes, the sodium and chloride composition of discharged sweat varies with secretion rate. Across whole-body sweat rates from 0.72 to 3.65 mg.cm−2.min−1, sodium losses of 26.5–49.7 mmol.L−1 could be expected, with the corresponding chloride loss being 26.8–36.7 mmol.L−1. Nevertheless, there can be threefold differences in electrolyte losses across skin regions. When exercising in the heat, local sweat rates increase dramatically, with regional glandular flows becoming more homogeneous. However, intra-regional evaporative potential remains proportional to each local surface area. Thus, there is little evidence that regional sudomotor variations reflect an hierarchical distribution of sweating either at rest or during exercise.

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“…The minimum repellency concentration of L-LA in our experiments was Ϸ41.7 ppm, lower than that present on human skin. Furthermore, Dill et al (1938) and van Heyningen and Weiner (1952) found that the amount of LA in arm sweat was 1.5-to threefold greater than in total body sweat. Therefore, the concentration of L-LA applied to the skin in our experiments might actually be higher when added to the natural amount of LA on forearms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

L-Lactic Acid as a Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Repellent on Human and Mouse Skin

et al. 2001

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The attraction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) to hands and forearms of human subjects treated with several concentrations of L-LA solution were studied in a test chamber containing proboscis-amputated mosquitoes. Fewer mosquitoes alighted on L-LA treated human skin than on water-treated control skin. Similar results were found using normal mosquitoes following L-LA and water treatment of mouse skin. The relative repellent effects of L-LA varied with concentration. The minimum repellent concentration was lower than previously reported for human skin. The number of alightments decreased at increasing concentrations of L-LA, demonstrating the absolute repellency of L-LA. Unlike previous reports suggesting that L-LA attracted mosquitoes, our studies using human and mouse skin showed that L-LA exhibited both relative and absolute repellency.

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Changes in Composition of Sweat During Acclimatization to Heat

Cited by 114 publications

References 0 publications

Creatinine losses in the sweat during work in hot humid environments

Creatinine losses in the sweat during work in hot humid environments

Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans

L-Lactic Acid as a Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Repellent on Human and Mouse Skin

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