Changes in chemical composition of homogenized leaf-cured and air-cured burley tobacco stored in controlled environments

Andersen, Roger A.; Kasperbauer, M. J.; Burton, H. R.; Hamilton, James L.; Yoder, Elmon E.

doi:10.1021/jf00112a010

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This observation can be explained by similarities in tobacco processing and is in agreement with the general principle that yields of tobacco-specific nitrosamines are influenced greatly by the processes involved in the manufacturing of smokeless tobaccos. 12,[21][22][23] The highest levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines were observed in 2 different brands of the same variety, khaini. Khaini is a mixture of tobacco, lime and menthol or aromatic spices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in smokeless tobacco products marketed in India

Stepanov

Hecht

Ramakrishnan

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Smokeless tobacco products are a known cause of oral cancer in India. Carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in these products are believed to be at least partially responsible for cancer induction, but there have been no recent analyses of their amounts. We quantified levels of 4 tobacco-specific nitrosamines, N 0 -nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N 0 -nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N 0 -nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in 32 products marketed currently in India. Levels of nitrate, nitrite and nicotine were also determined. The highest levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines were found in certain brands of khaini, zarda and other smokeless tobacco products. Concentrations of NNN and NNK in these products ranged from 1.74-76.9 and 0.08-28.4 lg/g, respectively. Levels of tobaccospecific nitrosamines in gutka were generally somewhat lower than in these products, but still considerably higher than nitrosamine levels in food. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines were rarely detected in supari, which does not contain tobacco, or in tooth powders. The results of our study demonstrate that exposure to substantial amounts of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines through use of smokeless tobacco products remains a major problem in India. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in smokeless tobacco products marketed in India

Stepanov

Hecht

Ramakrishnan

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…Thus different curing techniques directly influence TSNA levels in tobacco and subsequently in mainstream smoke. However, other factors such as tobacco plant variety (genotype), geographic cultivation condition, nitrate fertilizer use, and length and condition of storage can profoundly influence the levels of TSNAs in the filler (Anderson, Kasperbauer, Burton, Hamilton, & Yoder, 1982;Anderson & Kemp, 1985;Burton, Bush, & Djordjevic, 1989;Chamberlain, Severson, & Stephenson, 1984). The typical U.S.-blended cigarette filler contains a mix of bright, burley, oriental, reconstituted, and expanded tobaccos (Hoffmann & Hoffmann, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of carcinogenic tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke from U.S.‐brand and non‐U.S.‐brand cigarettes from 14 countries

Zhang

Jain

et al. 2005

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) comprise one of the major classes of carcinogenic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke. As part of collaborative efforts between the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce tobacco use and resulting disease, the CDC examined carcinogenic TSNA levels from cigarettes obtained from selected countries around the world. Using a modern, high-throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method under stringent quality control protocols, we determined the carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from a globally marketed brand, Marlboro, and from local top-selling cigarette brands from 14 countries. The levels of carcinogenic TSNAs in mainstream smoke collected using a 35-ml puff volume, 60-s puff interval, and 2-s puff duration correlated well (R=0.79, p<.0001) with previously reported levels in the corresponding tobacco filler. Marlboro cigarettes purchased in 10 countries had significantly higher carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke than did local-brand cigarettes from the same country. In only one country, Brazil, were the carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from Marlboro cigarettes significantly lower than in the locally popular brand. However, carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from Brazilian Marlboro cigarettes were usually lower than those in mainstream smoke from the Marlboros purchased in the other 13 countries, suggesting a reason for the difference. The wide range of mainstream smoke carcinogenic TSNA levels measured in the present study (8.7-312 ng/cigarette) suggest that manufacturers can lower the carcinogenic TSNA levels and that, for similar filter ventilation, carcinogenic TSNA levels in the tobacco filler of a cigarette are a useful indicator of the corresponding levels in mainstream smoke.

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“…Also, reductions in fertilizer should yield tobacco with lower nitrate and alkaloid levels, which would also reduce TSNA in smoke. Current information suggests that tobacco curing conditions may influence TSNA accumulation, as it was shown that the concentration of TSNA increases during post-harvest treatment, curing and aging for both Burley (9)(10)(11)(12) and Bright tobacco (13). Recent data ( 14) have shown that nitrite concentration is positively related to TSNA concentration in cured Burley tobacco and that TSNA increased during curing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Curing and Fertilization on Nitrosamine Formation in Bright and Burley Tobacco

Chortyk

1992

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYA Bright and a Burley tobacco were grown at four fertilization rates and each tobacco was then both fluecured and air-cured. Levels of alkaloids and nitrosamines were found to increase with increasing fertilization levels. Levels of alkaloids, N -nitrosonornicotine (NNN), and other tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) were consistently higher in the Burley tobacco than in the Bright tobacco, regardless of curing method. In comparing the effects of curing, it was found that NNN and total TSNA levels were higher in the midrib than in the lamina of the air-cured samples, while just the opposite was found for the flue-cured samples. Flue-curing Bright tobacco produced three times the level of TSNA v s air-curing the same tobacco. On the other hand, flue-curing Burley tobacco reduced the alkaloids, but greatly increased the TSNA in the lamina. As midribs from the air-cured Burley leaves had three times the TSNA concentration of the lamina, the use of air-cured midribs in tobacco products should be avoided. It was concluded that lower fertilization levels and careful manipulations of curing parameters could lower nitrosamine levels in cured tobacco.

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Changes in chemical composition of homogenized leaf-cured and air-cured burley tobacco stored in controlled environments

Cited by 23 publications

References 5 publications

Tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in smokeless tobacco products marketed in India

Tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in smokeless tobacco products marketed in India

Determination of carcinogenic tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke from U.S.‐brand and non‐U.S.‐brand cigarettes from 14 countries

Effects of Curing and Fertilization on Nitrosamine Formation in Bright and Burley Tobacco

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